Department of Persian Language and Literature (1996 - Present)
Persian Language and Literature
, Tarbiat Modares University,
Persian Language and Literature
, Tarbiat Modares University,
Death" is the inevitable event of all humans. Some put it into oblivion, and some epistemologically accept it as reality and certainty. Investigating and analyzing the narratives of the two tyrannical, powerful and bloodthirsty characters in stories of Ferdowsi and Albert Camus and how they deal with their own and others' deaths is the main issue of this study. Caligula and Zahhak, who saw themselves as the absolute commander of the life and property of human, believed that they could also control death, trying to rid themselves of the fear of death by killing others, but nature faced with the phenomenon of death. How Ferdowsi (representing Islamic scholars) and Albert Camus (representing Existentialism) deal with the events of the story il
After the composition of the great work of Molavi called “Masnavi”, different explanations have been proposed for it by different scholars through the pass of time. Currently we can observe the viewpoints of different literary writers and through comparing their views we can understand that: up to now there have been very varied outlooks towards the verses in Masnavi in explanations approaches utilized by the different thought schools. As we investigated about the word “Rostam” known as one of the six symbols of the myths proposed in descriptions of Masnavi, proposed by Forouzanfar, Shahidi, Jaafari, Estelami, Zamani, and Golbinarly we found the response for the question that what was the outlook of those who explained Masnavi encou
Since the beginning of the eighteenth century, the awareness of the masses increased in different societies and has sparked screams of protest over the ruling regimes. After the protest movements occurred in Iran and in the Arab countries, the authors of the course used the story as a good form to express the pain of the people and describe their tragic and sorrow lives. Since the late of eighteenth century to today fiction witnessed many developments and exposed to various ideas and theories. Moreover, while defining the current and the schools in Persian and Arabic has been mentioned to the most influential literary currents and schools and its famous writers in Arab countries and Iran. Studies shows that similarities are more than the di
Pantheism is one of the dominant concepts in mystical thought, and it is said that this concept is basically originated from mystical experiences of mystics. Attar Neishabouri as a Muslim mystic (Sufi) was influenced by the concept of Pantheism and tried to express the concept in the form of literary images in his verses. In this article, Authors intended to discover how images in Attar’s verses are employed to illustrate Pantheism. As a result, it is known that Attar used four images including ‘Hidden Apparent’, ‘Ocean’, Sun’ and, ‘Simorq’ in high frequency in his verses to depicting the abstract notion of Pantheism. Also, as there are three approach to Pantheism, i.e. Identity, Metaphysics of levels and Manifestation, the
In this article, we introduce the epic of" Sundiata or the Epic of Manding" and compare its epic aspects with the battle of Rostam and Esfandiar in the book of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. These two stories have similarities and differences that can be distinguished from the inability of the defeat of the rival in the initial battle and the mystery of the invincibility, the betrayal of the common cause of the death of the two valleys, the attachment to the power and the throne and the crown of the anti-heroes, The prediction of Death's death, the choice of children to meet rivals and the death with a stick of wood. Comparison of the history of Rostam and Esfandiar and the history of the battle of Sundiata with Sumauru, despite the cultural differe
The history of knowledge that is considered by Sohrewardi in Hikmat-Al-Ishraq follows a pattern that has been formulated before him in the Sufi texts. This historical pattern which is based on a hadith attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) foretells the future of esoteric knowledge of Islam after the Prophet. As to the fate of divine knowledge on earth, this pattern defines three stages: the era of knowledge by presence, the era of assenting meaning to the word, and the period in which metaphor is converted to symbol. Sohrewardi refers to this historical pattern and completes it by presenting a certain definition of the Divine Hakim and his role in interpreting the mysteries of the mystics. By this action, he makes a commentary on t
In the thoughts of Muslim mystics, converting of human attributes, is considered as a key idea, which is the basis for the explanation of further fundamental topics like: The identity of human and the quality of his mystical conduct. Before Hujwiri, the concept of Human being, frequently, has been described as an unknown isthmus between the Animal and the Angel. In the meantime, the Human, by annihilating of his attributes, takes distance from the being of the Animal and gets closer to the concept of the Angel. However, the conceptual convergence between the Human and the Angel, only, evolves over a historical process. During this historical evolution, the thoughts of Hujwiri plays as a milestone, because, for the first time, he formulates
The theme of “Angel” in Hafez thoughts, in comparison with other texts of Sufism, has undergone serious semantic transformations. Most of the well-known scholars are of the opinion that Hafez considers love as the divine deposit, which is reserved only for human beings, and of which angels are deprived. However, the comparison of the codes in Hafez poetry with other works of Sufism does not support the validity of this proposition. Hafez’s claim that angels are deprived of love is controversial because it contradicts Muslim mystics’ general approach, which declares the general dominance of love in the created world. It seems that Hafez was chiefly affected by Attar Neyshaburi and believed in the general dominance of love in the whol
Adaptation or the influence of one text on another or their interaction can be studied under the domain of stylistics as well as on issues related to genres. These issues and discussion deal with the reasons that justify from the literary point of view the presence of content and language of one text in another text. Tazkirat al-Awliya is one of the reliable sources of Persian mystical prose in theexpression of Sufis orders which has obvious signs of adaptation in similar texts. Farid al-Din Attar Nishaburi, the writer of this book, has made use of Persian and non-Persian sources in his expression of mysticism, especially Sufi Karamat. He used terse and eclectic language in his narration of the Karamat in order to express the Sufis orders.
The present study was conducted the effect of internal marketing on critical thinking according to mediator management styles. The research is implemented by descriptive-survey method and its statistic society is consisted of staff and general managers of hotels of Isfahan which between them using random-stratified sampling, 172 questionnaires were received and evaluated. To gather information from the questionnaires in this research internal marketing questionnaire constructed by author and critical thinking questionnaire of Vitli have been used that Its validity is verifiable and has been evaluated by professors and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess reliability. Obtained alpha for internal marketing is 0.87 and for critical thinking is
The narrative Semiotics is based upon the two facts of action and change. Actors often go on by predetermined programs in this field until they reach appropriate meanings. It seems that the dominant discourse is a logical and narrative phenomenon underlying the structure of mythic stories. In this inquiry, we will study the story of the Zahak and Fereydoun from the Shahname composed by Ferdosi from a semiotic perspective and a descriptive-analytic approach to showing that all narrative components of the story go to alter the semantic features. The results showed that the discourse is dynamic, and at the end, the elementary situation changes to a secondary situation. Zahak wishes to attain the throne while Fereydoun wishes to destroy this go
Based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s point of view, the Dialogism, novel, more than anything else, is a linguistic phenomenon, which has a fair correlation between its genuine and its feature of heteroglossia. Language expresses the different social and ideological approaches of the utterances within a translinguistics framework. So the novel compiles all of these diverse social and ideological discourses and utterances. Different Character zones and discourses of the narrator, and embedded genres create a world of different voices and ideologies. From a feminist critique perspective (Gyno criticism), the novel Cheraghha ra Man Khamush Mikonam (I turn off the lights), applies social and cultural differences in different discourses to indicate the w
AbstractMythological narrative nations because the archetypal foundations and Rooted in human unconscious, the stories are not unrelated to each other but there are a close relationship between these Mythology. Different races can be caused by time and Specific geography has different received from a true mythic, that it would be compatible with the theory of intertextuality. Using the theory of intertextuality you can get deeper into the text, which was formed based on myths. According to this theory, no text is not independent of the other and any text intertextual the previous text. The study utilizes a descriptive – analytical the purpose of representation and expression of the common features between the two versions of the myth of r
Because of archetypal foundations and roots in the human’s unconscious; mythical narratives of different nations are not stories without any relations to each other, also there is a link between this mythology. Different nations have different perception from a mythical reality due to time, space and geography which it would be consistent with the theory of intertextuality.
The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time-Azraqi, Masoud Sa’d, Amirmo’ezy-comparing them with Farrokhi’s own poem, in the framework of systemic–functional linguistics. Since Azraqi is known for his poetic innovations and Amirmo’ezy is accused of sheer imitation–if not literary theft–of Farrokhi’s Divan and Onsory’s, the research can also provide a scientific and objective analysis of creativity, innovation or sheer imitation. No doubt many literary artistic beauties and fine points cannot be explained
Discourse analysis has emanated from ideas os scholars od Linguistics, semiotics, hermeneutics and the theories of Michel Foucault (1926-1992), but in contrast to the aforementioned methods, it cover the two aspects of the text: form and meaning and so it is a comprehensive approach for text analysis. Scholars like Fairclough, Wodak, Van Dijk, Fowler and Kress played an important role in introducing and promoting critical discourse analysis as a new approach to text analysis. In this research we have used Norman Fairclough’s approach. In the present study, it was tried to analyze Sovashoon of Simin Daneshvar. In so doing, we discussed the views of the author, and using an innovative approach, we discovered various semantic and thematic la
The impact of spiritual mentality, on the one hand, and confrontation with touchable realities of war and the devotion and bravery of the war warriors and martyrs on the other hand, led the poets of Islamic Revolution and Imposed War to go beyond the report-like description in explaining the realities. By using religious and mystical heritages, they have attained a symbolic language, while realistic, has relationship with their own religious and mystical mentality on the one hand, and with the religious and mystical ideals of the warriors, on the other hand. Therefore some parts of such poems are not restricted to the boundaries of realism, but follow a theological and mystical symbolism, and while shaped in realism, are changed into a soci
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