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Excess lignocellulose fines in some fiber processing mills cause issues and hurt product quality. To use this type of biomaterial as a resource, surplus fines can be separated and dissolved with solvents for further transformation. Therefore, 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium chloride ionic liquid (IL) was used as a powerful green solvent for a rapid dissolution process. However, a low degree of polymerization (DP) of the cellulose in fines and the effects of lignin content and its structure on the process and film properties are controversial subjects. This study demonstrated that the three dimensional structure of lignin did not permit the raw bagasse fines (prior to pulping) to dissolve in the IL even after several hours. However, following d
Background: Mixed Land-Use is a form of urban development based on the concentration of different land-uses in a specified region which is a new approach to locating and linking land uses. To evaluate the distribution pattern of urban mixed land-uses, one of the spatial indicators entitled as Diversity Index is used. One of the applications of the concept of" diversity" in urban planning is" diversity of place". Separation and integration are two important words which play a critical role in defining the diversity of place and can be used interchangeably. In this regard," diversity of place" includes all social and economic mixes, combinations and structures, unique places, different income levels, races, genders, morals, households size, l
Background: The environment can create positive and negative emotions in the citizens. An important part of the importance of emotions is due to the impact on people's behaviors. because the extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception. A descriptive overview of studies has shown that the mechanism of emotional processes in human-environment interaction have not been considered. Detecting the emotions position in the framework of human interaction and the environment in a deeper layer requires the discovery of the emotional mechanism and its relationship with the human-environment interaction, which is the main concern of this research. Objectives: This research seeks
Background: Mixed Land-Use is a form of urban development based on the concentration of different land-uses in a specified region which is a new approach to locating and linking land uses. To evaluate the distribution pattern of urban mixed land-uses, one of the spatial indicators entitled as Diversity Index is used. One of the applications of the concept of "diversity" in urban planning is "diversity of place". Separation and integration are two important words which play a critical role in defining the diversity of place and can be used interchangeably. In this regard, "diversity of place" includes all social and economic mixes, combinations and structures, unique places, different income levels, races, genders, morals, households size, l
Despite the passing of more than a century from the first use of the term "cultural landscape," The World Heritage Center became the first international legal instrument to recognize and to protect cultural landscapes at the sixteenth session of the UNESCO in 1992. Investigating the interplay between people and nature over time in order to strengthen and protect them, and the recognition of the diversity of cultural landscapes, is an effective way of recording these valuable works. This paper examines the concept of cultural landscape and its criteria in the documents published by the World Heritage Center, examining the meetings held and the evolution of the concept and examining the diversity of human and environmental interactions betwee
Tarbiat Modares University Abstract-The neighborhood attachment provides psychological benefits and has positive behavioral consequences for residents and communities. Much of the literature examines the impacts of individual and social indicators as predictors of place attachment. This research paper concentrates on the place dimension of this bond, examining influences of the built environment in the context of perceived walkability on neighborhood attachment and determining which variables of neighborhood walkability have the most significant impact on promoting neighborhood attachment. Moreover, the effects of neighborhood walkability variables on three main dimensions of neighborhood attachment, namely emotional, functional, and behavi
Introduction:" Understanding and evaluating of spatial planning system" without recognizing of" planning and development system" of countries and without the Understanding of similar situations and lessons learned from others' experiences are not achieved to goals. In This paper isn’t" deliberately" used the experiences of advanced and developed industrial countries, and focus on" developing countries." Because based on realistic approaches to development, the experiences of similar countries provide more appropriate territorial development strategies to the decision takers. Therefore, four countries (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey and Malaysia) have been selected for this assessment and analogy because based on social, economic, political a
During the recent years, according to the current crises about climate change, energy consumption and environmental contaminants through carbon emission, the subject of urban form relationship with energy in cities has attracted the interest of many researchers in different disciplines. The span of this field is a topic which leads to the multiplicity of interpretations and various studies and also measuring the relationship between the urban form and energy using different variables, methods, scales and approaches. The aim of the present paper is to compare and analyze the employed variables, methods and models in different scales and approaches by reviewing a total number of 119 articles. Reviewing the articles which were published betwee
The nature of people-environment relationships is reflected in multiple research paradigms of the field, including studies of environmental stress, cognitive mapping, environmental assessment, human spatial behavior, resource conservation behaviors, and ecological psychology. The environment in which man and human life are surrounded affects human behaviors, senses, and perceptions. In this case, the built physical environment, particularly in cities is the most important part of human living spaces. These spaces can affect citizen’s life in various ways. Some of them grow out of the meaning of places, some of them are dealt with their physical features and some are concerned with the functions of the environment. Almost everywhere, urban
During the recent years, despite the suffusion of the globalization discussions and expansion of the relationships in the virtual world, the place and sense of place are still in the focal point of the attention in many of the theoretical and empirical studies. The importance of integrating the objective and subjective approaches into these concepts underlines the balance and equilibrium in concomitantly dealing with the physical properties of the places and the social and cultural values of the society. In this regard, narrating the society’s stories, including memories, beliefs, values and myths in the urban space, would be effective in the strengthening of the bond with them. This is while the majority of the prior stories and events a
One of the most important factors in the analysis of urban space is the attention to ethical norms of the society, which has become a part of religious culture in Iran. The path of analysis and explanation of urbanization from the perspective of Islamic principles is based on the principles and attributes that through the modes and concepts of the transcendental and through the tools and rules, takes on a special physical structure, so that ultimately the full effect of the city It occurs in which the person at all times is aware of the transcendental and spiritual dimensions of life.This research, by relying on written sources and introducing an ethical approach in analyzing urban spaces and focusing on the concept of pudency, explains its
Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Many new Towns are located and designed to attract the overflow crowd of larger cities. The new town must include all the necessary facilities with proper planning and design. Known as one of the most important elements of identity, city center is an area for urban activities, presence, and interactions among people, and thus the appropriate design of city centers and urban spaces is an important issue. In this realm, providing urban design guidance documents for city centers becomes essential. Preparation of "city center urban design framework" document aims at providing high-quality city centers and thus can affect the whole city. The Iranian new town of Golbahar is located in Khorasan Razavi province, 35
Public spaces are a place for meeting everyday needs and public life in cities. These spaces change over time, based on socioeconomic and cultural conditions. The suitability of the urban spaces depends on the ability of them to respond on the needs of their users. Despite the fact that women consist half the city's population, does not pay attention to the design and construction of urban spaces. It is necessary is to explain the intellectual definitions of women in relation to urban spaces so that can be extracted the factors that increase the quality of women's presence in these spaces. Urban spaces around the holy shrines because of its religious nature have created a good bed for the free and secure presence of women without gender-bas