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The crude polysaccharide was extracted from A. asphodeloides rhizomes and further purified to produce two fractions F1 (50.0%) and F2 (19.6%). The chemical constitutions of the polysaccharides were neutral sugars (51.4%–89.7%), uronic acids (1.0%–30.2%) and sulfate esters (3.4%–8.1%), with various ratios of monosaccharides including rhamnose (1.4%–6.1%), arabinose (7.1%–21.2%), xylose (0.2%–4.8%), mannose (39.9%–79.0%), glucose (6.0%–11.1%) and galactose (2.6%–22.0%). The molecular properties of the polysaccharides were investigated by the HPSEC-UV-MALLS-RI system, revealing the Mw 130.0?× 103–576.5?× 103?g/moL, Rg 87.6–382.6?nm and SVg 0.3–54.3?cm3/g. The polysaccharides stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce cons
Polysaccharides possess diverse biological properties due to complexity of chemical structure and heterogeneity of molecular weight which could be improved through engineering approaches and chemical modifications. The objective of the present study was to determine the antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects of marine and land originated polysaccharides and explore the correlation between molecular weight and biological activities. Hence, four polysaccharides with varying size distribution and average molecular weight including fucoidan and alginate from brown seaweed Padina pavonica and polysaccharides from Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) were subjected to hydrolysis in three levels using 0.05 N hydrochloric ac
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of water-soluble polysaccharides from Cuminum cyminum to induce inflammatory response in immune cells and understand their underlying mechanisms. Weight average molecular weight (Mw) of polysaccharides varied between 191.4–512.2 ? 103 g/mol. Polysaccharides induced RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and express TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 inflammatory cytokines. Polysaccharides activated NK-92 cells to produce TNF-α, IFN-γ, perforin, granzyme B, NKG2D and FasL. Activations of RAW264.7 and NK-92 cells were through NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathways indicated by the presence of phosphorylated NF-κB, ERK, JNK and p38 proteins. The polysaccharide structure was mainly constitu
Polysaccharides from Nizamuddinia zanardinii were extracted using water at elevated temperature and fractionated by a DEAE Sepharose FF column yielding four fractions (F1-F4). Crude and fractions were composed of neutral sugars (50.8–57.4%), proteins (10.8–18.1%), sulfates (7.5–17.3%) and uronic acids (3.5–7.7%). Various levels of galactose (13.4–44.4%), fucose (34.1–40.1%), mannose (14.1–33.2%) and xylose (7.4–15.2%) formed the building blocks of the polysaccharide structures. The weight average molecular weights (Mw) of polysaccharides varied between 40.3 and 1254.4 ? 103 g/mol. F3 polysaccharide was the most active fraction stimulating RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells to secrete NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and acti
The structural characterization and pharmaceutical perspective of sulfated galactan from Halymenia dilatata (Hd-SG) were reported in this study. The Hd-SG consists of carbohydrates (58.5 ? 0.9%), sulfate (28.7 ? 0.9%), protein (2.7 ? 0.2%). The existence of carbon (28.14%), hydrogen (5.50%), nitrogen (0.51%) and sulfur (8.26%) was confirmed in CHNS analysis. The Hd-SG was mainly comprising of galactose and mannose connected by (1 → 4)-glycosidic linkages, and it shows the molecular weight of 900.9 ? 103 g/mol in high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The Hd-SG exhibited the dose depended on antioxidant activities. The in vitro and in vivo studies proved the antibacterial efficacy of Hd-SG against Aer
The polysaccharide isolated from F. gummosa (FGP) was found homogenous with a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 50.0 ? 103 g/mol and radius of gyration (Rg) of 105.3 nm. The FGP was an arabinogalactan with a backbone formed of →6)-β-Galp-1→ residues having random branching points at C-3 extended with either β-Galp-(1→3)-β-Galp-(1→ or α-Araf-(1→ side chain residues. FGP exhibited proliferative effect on RAW264.7 cells and induced macrophages to exert proinflammatory response releasing NO and up-regulating the transcription of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12. The FGP induced NK-92 cells to up-regulate the expressions of TNF-α, IFN-γ, granzyme-B, perforin, NKG2D and FasL. The presence of p-NF- κB
This study aims to synthesis pharmaceutical potential platinum nanoparticles from Tragia involucrata leaf extract (Ti-PtNPs) for biomedical applications. The colour development in the reaction mixture confirms the integration of Ti-PtNPs and its surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak observed at 252 nm. The crystalline nature of Ti-PtNPs was authenticated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The functional groups present in the T. involucrata (AE-Ti) aqueous extract, notably polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and proteins, participated in the synthesis of Ti-PtNPs, established in the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The synthesized Ti-PtNPs demonstrate spherical like particles with an average size of 10 nm. Ti-PtNP
A water‐soluble polysaccharide was extracted from wheat bran (WBP) and investigate their structural characteristics and immunostimulatory activities. The chemical composition of WBP and purified fraction (WBP‐F) mainly consists of neutral sugars (91.2???1.2 and 98.7???1.2%), proteins (8.6???0.3 and 0.2???0.1%) and uronic acids (0.7???0.1 and 0.6???0.1%). The molecular weight (Mw) of WBP and WBP‐F was calculated as 911.7 and 510.2?× 103?g/mol, respectively. The WBP‐F stimulates the RAW264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide and various cytokines. The treatment of WBP‐F facilitated the phosphorylation of P38, JNK, ERK, and NF‐ƘB in RAW264.7 cells suggesting that they might stimulate RAW264.7 cells through the activ
In this study, we report a green synthesis of pharmaceutically active gold nanoparticles from marine red alga Acanthophora spicifera by the reduction of chloroauric acid. The formation of A. spicifera-mediated gold nanoparticles (As-AuNPs) was characterized by several analytical techniques. The crystalline and face-centered cubic (fcc) structure were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Electron microscopy results confirmed that As-AuNPs were spherical and the average size of particles was< 20 nm. As-AuNPs hold a significant level of antioxidant activities than A. spicifera extract. As-AuNPs exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi than Staphylococcus aureus at 100 ?g/ml. Furthermore, As-AuNPs exhibited
In this study, optimum conditions for the antioxidant compounds extraction from Sargassum angustifoliumalgae were determined by response surface methodology. Optimal design with three independent variables: ethanol concentration (with five levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100), extraction time (with three levels of 2, 4 and 6 hours) and solid-liquid ratio (with three levels of 1: 5, 1:10 and 1:15) was generated. Total phenolic content (TPC), free radical inhibitory activity (DPPH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were used as responses. The results showed that the maximum TPC in optimal conditions was obtained in distilled water, 6 hours and a 1: 15 solid-liquid ratio, free radical inhibitory activity in ethanol 25%, 4 hours duration, and a
A sulfated polysaccharide (fucoidan) has been isolated from Nizamuddinia zanardinii using subcritical water extraction method (SCWE), and extraction conditions were optimised using the response surface methodology. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be: extraction time of 29 min, extraction temperature of 150 ?C, and raw material-to-water ratio of 21 g/mL. The fucoidan yield under these optimum conditions was 25.98%, which was considerably higher than that of conventional solvent extraction (5.2%). Extraction time and temperature were the extraction variables that most significantly affected fucoidan yield. Chemical and monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and the antioxidant, anticancer and immunomodulatory acti
Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated and purified from the water extract of Cystoseira indica using DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate their structure and macrophage stimulating capacity. Crude and fractionated polysaccharides, CIF1 and CIF2, were mostly composed of neutral sugars (73.1%–78.6%) with relatively lower amounts of acidic sugars (1.3%–9.0%) and sulfate esters (6.9%–9.7%). The polymer chains of polysaccharides were mainly built of different levels of glucose (2.1%–30.8%), fucose (17.2%–24.4%), mannose (17.8%–20.6%) and galactose (16.7%–17.3%). The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of polysaccharides varied between 573.1 ? 103 g/mol to 1146.6 ? 103 g/mol. The CIF2 polysaccharide, as the most imm
Polysaccharides from Boswellia carterii were isolated using hot water and fractionated on a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate their structural characteristics and macrophage stimulating capacities. Crude and fractionated polysaccharides (BCF1 and BCF2) were mainly consisted of different amounts of neutral sugars (63.7–83.3%) and uronic acids (6.2–22.3%). The weight average molecular weights (Mw) of polysaccharides greatly varied between 295.5 and 504.7 ? 103 g/mol. The BCF2 was a highly active polysaccharide on RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells inducing considerable release of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. The presence of p-NF-κB, p-JNK, p-ERK and p-p38 proteins in the cyto
In this study, crude alkaline proteases were recovered from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) viscera and partially purified by use of different saturation of ammonium sulfate. The enzyme exhibited highest yield, purity and activity when precipitated at a saturation of 40–60% compared to other ranges of saturation. Molecular weight for extracted protease was between 8-24 kDa. The protease had caseinolytic activity over a wide range of temperatures (30-55 ?C) and pH (4-12). Soybean trypsin inhibitor and trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor strongly inhibited the enzyme activity but it was stable in the presence of surfactant, oxidizing reagents and organic solvents. The proteases had serine protease activity but no collagenase activity was det