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Urban form as its compactness, complexity and centrality is increasingly being recognized by researchers for its potential role in the decreasing of CO2 emissions and sustainable urban development. The objective of this study is to quantify the relationship between CO2 emission and urban form, using panel data analysis for Iran's 15 cities from 2001 to 2015. Therefore, a series of urban form indicators were selected which were measured by applying spatial landscape metrics to remotely sensed data. The results of the study expressed a positive correlation between CO2 emission levels and the growth of urban areas. In addition, increased urban complexity represented a positive relationship with CO2 emissions and conversely, increased urban com
Soil organic carbon (SOC) has a vital role in the physical, chemical and biological behavior of the soil, and therefore prediction of the amount and mapping spatial distribution of SOC is necessary for sustainable soil management. However, the relationship between SOC and remotely sensed and easily accessible variables have been rarely reported. The main objective of the present study is, therefore, to estimate SOC using the remote sensing of satellite images as well as some field variables for the Shazand Watershed, Iran. Towards that, 140 soil samples were taken from the top 30-cm of the soil from homogeneous units representing an area >1?km2 to measure SOC. The potential relationship between SOC and some remote sensing-based indices incl
Background and Objective: Despite the increasingly trend of developmental activities that are likely to change the structure and change or eliminate landscape functions and processes in Iran ultimately, it seems necessary to consider the visual effect in EIA studies especially in northern ecosystem of the country.Methods: This study aimed to quantify the visual criteria of naturalness and complexity using SHDI, SHEI, PLAND, LPI, PR, PD, and NP measurements in the area of Tonekabon's Dohezar-Sehezar watershed from two viewpoints. The visible range, after land use mapping and production of DSM and transmitting of visibility points to GIS, was obtained using the Visibility instruction in GIS, which analyzed the visible range at two points.Find
Background and Purpose: One of the most important problems in the world is the increase of global climate change due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon dioxide gas is known as the most important greenhouse gas and the first factor in climate change. Various factors such as topography, rainfall, air currents and the presence of wind are important factors in the diffusion, dilution and displacement of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Method: In the present study, using ECMWF wind speed data and GOSAT satellite carbon dioxide data, the role of wind in detecting local sources or areas of carbon dioxide emissions and such an investigation was made into the possible sources of emissions of this gas on a provincial scale. Findings: T
Introduction: In the past three decades, dust has become a global concern for global societies. Due to Iran’s location in an arid region, it is severely influenced by this phenomenon. This phenomenon usually carries a huge mass of particle matters that can be clearly detected by satellite images. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the time series changes of absorbing aerosol index using satellite images at a national scale. Material and methods: In order to study the trend of monthly changes in dust phenomena in Iran, the data of Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) of SCIAMACHY sensor, which was taken during 2002-2012, and GOME-2 during 2007-2017 were evaluated using non-parametric Man-Kendall test. The variation rates for diff
The purpose of this research is to assess the spatial distribution of CO2 concentration during the growing seasons (April to September) in 2015 over Iran. The XCO2 data belonging to orbiting carbon observatory-2 (OCO-2) and eight environmental variables data consist of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), net primary productivity (NPP), land surface temperature (LST), leaf area index (LAI), air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and national land cover map were modeled by multi-layer perceptron (MLP). The values of R2 and RMSE indices show the good performance of the multi-layer perceptron model for monthly models. Based on sensitivity analysis results, land cover and wind direction had the most important role in the spatial
Methane (CH 4) is the simplest hydrocarbon in the atmosphere and is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO 2) whose concentration is changing due to human activities. The main objective of this study is to examine the spatial distribution of CH 4 concentration for Iran in 2013 based on the level 2 GOSAT data using the ordinary kriging technique. For this purpose, first, the relationship between CH 4 concentration and environmental variables such as land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), air temperature, and humidity was determined. The results showed that CH 4 concentration changes gradually with latitude and longitude across Iran. The spatial distribution of CH 4 conc
The objective of this study is to compare the effect of different spatial resolution of satellite images (Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and Gaofen-1) for deriving LULC map and its effects on the performance of HEC-HMS lumped and Flood Hydro distributed models in flood hydrograph simulation in the Ammameh Watershed, Iran. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method was used for considering the rainfall loss rate in both models. The value of curve number was determined based on hydrologic soil groups and produced LULC maps from the satellite images with respect to soil moisture conditions. The performance of HEC-HMS lumped and Flood Hydro distributed models in flood hydrograph simulation was evaluated for 15 and five rainfall-runoff events, res
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between visual quality of Hyrcani forests and spatial pattern of land use in 9 locations in northern Iran. To do so, a significant portion of the area was photographed and ranked according to the views of a group of 150 viewers in terms of naturalness, cohesion, turbulence and complexity. The area map was prepared using Landsat 8-OLI image processing in 2016. Using the DEM layer and angle of view, their visible areas were identified and their spatial pattern of use was investigated using NP, PD, MPS, LSI, MNN, SHDI and PLAND land metrics. According to the results, forests near rangelands make up about 90% of the area. The results of MPS and LSI showed that the whole landscape was c
Soil erosion is a serious environmental, social and economic problem. It not only causes severe land degradation and soil loss, but also threatens the stability and health of the society and, in general, its sustainable development. Soil erosion is related to different soil characteristics, measurements and its calculations. The soil erodibility factor (K) is one of the important factors in determining soil erosion. Different methods have been developed to determine of K using empirical models or field measurements. Currently, widely used equations that estimate K, on the basis of soil basic properties, include soil texture, organic matter, structure, and permeability. Therefore, in this study, three commonly equations were used to estimate
Anthropologists and culture researchers have always been interested in environmental studies, and no matter what their field of research is, they are also dealing with environmental issues. While beginning this study, the author attempted to survey many villages in the field, but due to lack of enough local informative, only about fifteen rural areas were studied. The 15 rural areas were selected based on priorities such as: geographical location, proximity to the center of the village, distance of the village to the main road, livelihoods and dominant economy of the villagers, the location of Qeshlaq on the shores of Mazandaran, the historical and cultural background of the village, how village houses are located, distribution of historica
Development requires land, and the most obvious feature of the development, land use change, and hence pollution of the land's landscape. For an investigation into the effect of disturbance on the landscape, land use map, using Landsat satellite image of 2016, is produced. Calculating the LPI, LSI, MPS and SHDI metrics, the two viewpoints are considered in the case study area. The height of the observer is applied to the DSM map of this region and a visible zone of these points is determined. Therefore, the visual disturbance criterion is examined. According to the man-made and natural uses, this criterion is quantified, considering the above-mentioned metrics. LSI value changes from one to infinity. At the first viewpoint, amounts of the L
Introduction: Global warming is an absolute fact and an inevitable threat to life in the environment. Considering that urban areas are an important factor in the increase in CO 2 gas emissions, the community needs to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Since the increase in the population is responsible for increasing the demand for housing and the rapid development of activity centres in the suburbs and the rapid growth of urban areas in Iran, we see the importance of fuel in sustainable development and the important and potential role of sustainable forms of urban development; the necessity of quantifying the relationship between the compactness of the urban form and CO 2 emissions due to fossil fuel consumption is thus releas
CO2 concentration (XCO2) shows the spatial and temporal variation in Iran. The major purpose of this investigation is the assessment of the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide concentration in the different seasons of 2013 based on the Thermal And Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation–Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) level 2 GOSAT data by implementing the ordinary kriging (OK) method. In this study, the Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and metrological parameters (temperature and precipitation) were used for the analysis of the spatial distribution of CO2 over Iran in 2013. The spatial distrib
Land cover always has changed due to human activities and natural phenomena, Intensive and variety of these changes in urban environments are more than others. The objective of this research was assessment the temporal and spatial changes for two coastal cities (Chalus and Babolsar) and two non-coastal cities (Ghaemshahr and Amol) in Mazandaran province with the view to compactness, complexity and centrality of urban form using landscape metrics. The methodology of this research was quantify method and the land use maps were produced in three classes (urban, cropland and water) by maximum likelihood classification using Landsat satellite images. For landscape change analysis 12 landscape metrics was used in the class and landscape level. Th
Introduction: Global warming and climate change have been identified as the most important challenges of the current century. Methane as one of the most important greenhouse gasses accounted for about 18% of the total increase in radiative forcing due to long-lived greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The average CH 4 concentration (XCH4) was 1808 ppb in 2010.…