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Caspian poplar (Populus caspica Bornm.) is an endemic species from Hyrcanian forests and classified as endangered in Iran. However, there is little information about population genetic structure of remnant populations that could support the development of the suitable conservation strategy for this species. This study was designed to understand how anthropogenic and environmental factors have influenced the pattern of genetic diversity of P. caspica. We sampled 359 individuals from 20 populations. However, after removing the clonal ramets, the genetic parameters were calculated for 314 trees using 14 microsatellite markers. Nine populations showed a significant reduction in effective population size and a genetic bottleneck. The inbreeding
Anthropogenic and natural divergence processes in crop-wild fruit tree complexes are less studied than in annual crops, especially in the Caucasus, a pivotal region for plant domestication. We investigated anthropogenic and natural divergence processes in apples in the Caucasus from using 26 microsatellite markers amplified on 508 wild and cultivated samples. We found two specific Iranian cultivated populations that were differentiated from Malus domestica, the standard cultivated apple worldwide, suggesting a specific local domestication process in Iran. Some Iranian apple cultivars belonged to the Caucasian wild apple gene pools, indicating that farmers also use local wild apple for cultivation. Substantial wild-crop and crop-crop gene fl
Zarde-Kija mushroom (Cantharellus alborufescens) is one of the edible mushrooms belong to the Cantharellaceae family. It is widely distributed in the northern forests of Iran and is desirable for local residents in these areas. Despite the economic importance of this genus, litthe is known about their habitat requirements. This study was conducted to identify the environmental factors affecting the distribution of this mushroom in a plain forest of Noor city (Mazandaran province, northern Iran) with 120 ha area. For this purpose, 20 pair plots (20 m? 20 m) with at least 100 m distance were established (20 plots with Cantharellus and 20 non-Cantarellus plots). To analyze the speciesenvironment relationship (soil characteristics), three group
Persian honey locust(Gleditsia caspica Desf.) is an endemic tree in the northern forests of Iran and southeastern Azerbaijan, which has low seed germination because of water impermeability of seed. In this research, effects of hot water at 70 ?C and 100 ?C (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes), dry heat at 60 ?C, 80 ?C and 100?C (15, 30 and 60 minutes) and sulphuric acid treatment at two concentrations of 70% and 98% (at immersions of 5, 20, 40 and 60 minutes) were studied on the characteristics of seed germination of this species. Experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design in three replicates. No germination was observed in the seeds treated with hot water (100 ?C), dry heat and control, while the seeds?treated with?semi-hot wat
Relict species play an important role in understanding the biogeography of intercontinental disjunctions. Pterocarya (a relict genus) is the valuable model taxon for studying the biogeography of East Asian versus southern European/West Asian disjunct patterns. This disjunction has not been as well studied as others (eg, between Eastern Asia and North America). Several phylogenetic studies on Pterocarya have been conducted, but none have provided a satisfactory phylogenetic resolution. Here, we report the first well-resolved phylogeny of Pterocarya using restriction-associated DNA sequencing data based on the sampling of all taxa that across the entire distribution area of the genus. Taxonomic treatments were also clarified by combining morp
Aim of study: The Caucasian apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) is distributed throughout the Hyrcanian forest. Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of the most important plant strategies to prevent self-fertilization, but the genetic basis of this system has never been studied in Caucasian apple. Investigating the genetic diversity of Caucasian apple along an elevation gradient is the second aim of this study.Area of study: Three populations of Caucasian apple along an altitudinal gradient in northern Iran were studied.Materials and methods: Here, we evaluated the S-allele frequency and genetic diversity of three populations of Malus orientalis using SSR markers.Main results: In total, 18 S-alleles were identified in three populations, and a pos
Aims: So far there has not been any research on propagation of Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica form angulata (Rupr.) V. Engler in the world. In this research, for the first time, the rooting and early growth in cuttings of Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica form angulata (Rupr.) V. Engler was studied by applying various hormones of IAA, IBA, and NAA.Materials and Methods: In the present study, experiments were conducted as completely randomized block design and three replications with indole-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-Butyric Acid (IBA) and naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) with concentrations of 0 (Control), 50, 100 and 200mg/l for 115 days.Findings: Based on the findings, compared to control, rooting percentage was enhanced about 37.5% in cuttings imbi
The Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran is considered one of the potential centres for the evolution and domestication of the genus Malus (Rosaceae). However, the biogeography, phylogenetic position, and taxonomic status of the Hyrcanian wild apples have never been evaluated. In our study, the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer region from 14 natural populations were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS and the Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree showed that all Hyrcanian samples were closely related to M. orientalis and M. asiatica and can be placed within section Malus and series Malus. Furthermore, based on a comparison of ITS2 secondary structures, the Hyrcanian samples w
The Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran is considered one of the potential centres for the evolution and domestication of the genus Malus (Rosaceae). However, the biogeography, phylogenetic position, and taxonomic status of the Hyrcanian wild apples have never been evaluated. In our study, the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer region from 14 natural populations were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS and the Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree showed that all Hyrcanian samples were closely related to M. orientalis and M. asiatica and can be placed within section Malus and series Malus. Furthermore, based on a comparison of ITS2 secondary structures, the Hyrcanian samples w
Caucasian apple trees (Malus orientalis) grow individually or in small groups with a scattered distribution pattern throughout the Hyrcanian forest. The wild gene pool in such trees has a high genetic diversity which is highly important for apple breeders. Micropropagation can be advantageous due to its quick propagation for apple breeders as well as its maintenance of in vitro and in vivo germplasm collection and exchange. Here, for the first time, we investigated the in vitro propagation of M. orientalis from three populations by collecting axillary buds and established a micropropagation protocol. Two strengths of Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium (full and half) in combination with different concentrations of 6-benzylam
Climate change would be caused by shifting the bird migrations routes and changing their habitats conditions. Parmesan (2006) compiled studies on many species, including alpine herbs, birds, and butterflies, and found an average poleward shift of 6.1 km per decade. outstanding influences on species range expansion and contraction due to climate change and global warming has been confirmed by fossil records (Woodward, 1987; Davis and Shaw, 2001) and reported trends (Hughes, 2000; McCarty, 2001; Walther et al., 2001). Birds that migrate long distances usually show less resistance to temperature increases are more likely to be victims than all other species. Therefore, moving to a new habitat is just one response to climate change. The Whooper
This research was carried out with the aim of dormancy breakage and seed germination improvement in mature and immature seeds of T. rubra subsp. caucasica form angulata. The seeds were collected from middle altitude (500 asl) forests of Chamestan, north of Iran. Mature and immature seeds with pericarp were treated as 1) cold stratification (without pretreatment), 2) imbibed with NaOH (30%)+ cold stratification. Also, mature and immature seeds without pericarp were treated as 1) imbibed with gibberelic acid (500 mg/l)+ cold stratification, 2) imbibed with kinetin acid (1 mg/l)+ cold stratification. The examination was performed as completely randomized design with three replications. The highest amount of seed germination belonged to mature
Apple (Malus orientalis) has been distributed throughout the Hyrcanian forest from lowland regions to steep and mountainous areas. For evaluation of genetic diversity, leaf materials were collected from 60 individuals of 6 populations. DNA was extracted and studied by six SSR primers:(GD142),(GD12),(GD147),(GD96),(GD100) and (GD162). The results showed that 45 alleles with 0. 39 heterozygosity were detected for six primers. The mean of heterozygosity was 0. 39 and the lowest (0) and highest amount (1) were observed for (GD100) in “Afratakhte”,“kodir”,“Sourdar”,“Yoush bala”,“Yoush paein” population and for GD162 in “kodir”,“asalem”,“yoush miani” and “yoush paein” populations, respectively. The maximum Nei