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To determine the effects of feeding frequency on nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in horse, 16 Turkmen horses were used with weight of 430 ? 46 kg and age of 7 ? 1.8 years. Four feeding frequencies with 2 (M2), 4 (M4), 6 (M6), and 8 (M8) meals per day were used for a period of 28 days. The ratio of hay to concentrate was 70:30 in the experimental diet. Acid insoluble ash was used as internal marker to determine digestibility. On the 27th day of experiment, the blood was collected on 13 time points throughout the day. The results of this experiment showed that feed intake was not affected by feeding frequency (P> .05). The highest amount of nutrient digestibility was observed in the M8 treatment compared to other treatments, and
This study compared ensiled sorghum (ES) from two varieties (first and second cuts) with corn silage (CS) for chemical analysis, total‐tract nutrient digestibility, ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites in sheep. Five experimental silages representing first cut ES var. Pegah (PS1), second cut ES var. Pegah (PS2), first cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS1), second cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS2) and CS were assessed for chemical analysis, silage fermentation and anti‐quality compounds. Diets consisted of lucerne hay, silage and a premix (at the ratio of 53.5:46:0.5 on a dry matter [DM] basis). Feed consumption, total‐tract nutrient digestibility, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS), ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites w
This study was conducted to assess the effect of nano-ZnO, compared to ZnO and Zn-methionine, on dry matter (DM) intake (DMI), performance, nutrient status, digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial nitrogen (N) synthesis (MNS), blood enzymes, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in sheep. Thirty-six healthy male Shal sheep were divided into four experimental groups (n = 9) in a completely randomized design, and assessed for 40 days. The control animals received the basal diet without Zn supplementation, containing a native Zn content of 22.6 mg/kg DM. Other sheep were fed with the diets containing 28 mg supplementary Zn/kg DM in the form of ZnO, Zn-methionine or nano-ZnO. The DMI of sheep receiving
This study was conducted to assess the influence of dietary supplementation of nano Zn oxide (nZnO), compared to Zn oxide (ZnO), on performance, rumen fermentation, leukocytes, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), blood serum enzymes and minerals in the ewes. Thirty pregnant Khorasan-Kurdish ewes were assigned to one of the 3 experimental groups (10 replicates) in a randomised complete block design. The ewes received 1- control diet without supplementary Zn, containing 22.4 or 24.3 mg of Zn/kg dry matter (DM) for pre- and post-partum periods, respectively, 2- diet supplemented with ZnO (30 or 40 mg of supplementary Zn/kg DM for pre- and post-partum periods, respectively) or 3- diet supplemented with nZnO (30 or 40 mg of supplementary Zn/
This experiment was carried out to study the effect of water extracted pomegranate peel extract (PE) on ruminal protein degradation and post-ruminal digestion in the dairy cow. PE was added at six levels of total phenolics (g/kg of the basal diet); 3.75 (PE1); 4.4 (PE2); 5.05 (PE3); 5.70 (PE4); and 6.35 (PE5). Rumen degradable crude protein (rdCP) decreased with PE addition (L < 0.0001), but total CP degradability (tdCP) was not affected. Compared to PE0, PE2, and PE3 diets showed higher (L = 0.054, Q = 0.029) digestibility of bypass CP (dBCP). Increasing levels of PE resulted in a decrease in proteolytic bacteria numbers (p < 0.0001). At PE4 and PE5 levels, total VFA and acetate concentrations linearly decreased compared to
The effect of feeding broccoli byproduct-wheat straw silage [BBWS; 69:31 ratio, dry matter (DM) basis] on performance, microbial N synthesis (MNS), rumen, and blood parameters in Fashandy lambs were evaluated. Three diets, with equal metabolizable energy and crude protein (CP) with a forage to concentrate ratio of 27:73 (DM basis), were formulated in which forage (lucerne and wheat straw) was replaced by BBWS (0, 100, or 200 g/kg of diet DM). These were assigned to three groups (n = 15/group) in a completely randomized block design for a 70-d period in which diets were offered as a total mixed ration. For each animal, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), in vivo apparent digestibility, MNS, N retention, rumen, and blo
Silages from four amaranth varieties (A5, A12, A14 and A28) were compared to corn silage (CS) in terms of their yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, oxalic acid and nitrate levels, silage fermentation characteristics, in vitro methane production, organic matter disappearance (OMD), microbial crude protein (MCP), ruminal ammonia (NH3-N), pH, volatile fatty acids, cellulolytic bacteria numbers, protozoa counts and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability were determined. Forages were harvested 93 days after planting, chopped and ensiled in plastic buckets for 60 days. The study was based on a randomized complete block design, and data were analyzed using SAS, GLM procedure. Compared to CS, amaranth sil
In this study, the effect of different levels of ZnO, nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine, in pre-and post-partum diets, on feed intake, Zn absorption, microbial protein, as well as metabolites and IgG, IgM and IgA in the blood and colostrum of ewes and suckling lambs were investigated. Experiment was conducted from 50 days before to 30 days after lambing. Sixty pregnant Khorasan-Kurdish ewes were divided into six experimental groups (10 replicates) in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets contained ZnO, nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine to meet NRC recommendation, or higher than NRC-recommended level. Replacing ZnO with nano-ZnO or Zn-methionine had no effect on different variables in ewes, but increasing Zn level in the diet of ewes resu
The present study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Echinophora sibthorpiana and Pulicaria dysenterica and the effect of dietary inclusions of these plants on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters and digestibility. Chemical composition of the experimental plants was determined using standard methods and different levels of each plant were included in the diet. In vitro gas production technique was performed with seven treatments (control diet, diets containing 15, 30 or 45 percentage of Echinophora and diets containing 15, 30 or 45 percentage of Pulicaria) and three replicates. Results indicated that crude protein and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Echinophora (10.4 and 61.8 percentage, respectively) were hig
This study assessed the influence of wilting, lactobacillus (LAB) and/or molasses on the chemical composition, phenolic compounds, in situ degradability and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of amaranth (var. Maria) silage using a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. Treatments were fresh amaranth forage (FAF), ensiled amaranth without additive (EA), EA inoculated with LAB (EAB), EA+ 5% of molasses (EAM), EA inoculated with LAB+ 5% of molasses (EABM) and 24-h wilted EA (WEA). The ensiled materials were stored anaerobically for a period of 45 d. Chemical composition, oxalic acid and nitrate levels, silage fermentation characteristics, DM disappearance (DMD), OM disappearance (OMD), in vitro ruminal ammonia-N, VFA, cellu
The effect of dietary substitution of different levels (0, 100, 200 or 300?g/kg dry matter [DM]) of mixed potato-wheat straw silage (PWSS) for alfalfa and concentrate on nutrient digestibility, feed intake, growth performance, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS) and blood parameters of fattening lambs (24 lambs, 25???1.2?kg initial body weight) was assessed. The potato-wheat straw (57:43 ratio on a DM basis) mixture was ensiled for 90?days before use. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were randomly assigned to 4 groups of lambs (n?=?6/group) in a completely randomized design for a 75-day period (15?days for adaptation and 60?days for data collection). The animals were fed diets as a total mixed ration to ensure 10% orts. Diet digestibili
This study assessed the influence of wilting, lactobacillus (LAB), and/or molasses on the chemical composition, phenolic compounds, in situ degradability, and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of amaranth (var. Maria) silage using a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. Treatments were fresh amaranth forage (FAF), ensiled amaranth without additive (EA), EA inoculated with LAB (EAB), EA + 5% of molasses (EAM), EA inoculated with LAB + 5% of molasses (EABM), and 24-h wilted EA (WEA). The ensiled materials were stored anaerobically for a period of 45 d. Chemical composition, oxalic acid and nitrate levels, silage fermentation characteristics, DM disappearance (DMD), OM disappearance (OMD), in vitro ruminal ammonia
Total mixed rations containing corn silage (CS) or forage sorghum silage (SS) were fed to mid-lactation Holstein cows to determine the effects on feed intake, lactation performance, milk composition and fatty acid profile, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, rumen microbial N synthesis, and antioxidant status. The experiment was designed as a 2-period change-over (two 28-d periods) trial with 2 diets including CS diet or SS diet and 12 cows. Total replacement of CS with SS had no significant influence on dry matter intake. Substituting CS with SS had no effect on milk production, feed efficiency, and milk concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat, whereas yields of milk fat, protein, and lactose were greater for cow
The effect of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Globulus Labill; EGEO) and Angelica (Heracleum Persicum Desf. ex Fischer; HPEO) Essential Oils was assessed at the levels of 0, 3, 30, 300 or 3000 (?l 30 ml-1) on in vitro fermentation of buffered rumen fluid from 3 castrated male sheep. The fermentation kinetics were estimated after 54 hours incubation. The fermentation kinetic values, In Vitro Gas Production (IVGP), Methane Production (MP), ammonia-N (NH 3-N) concentration, Organic Matter Degradability (IVOMDe), Partitioning Factor (PF), Microbial Mass (MM), Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) concentrations and protozoa population were evaluated. The results showed that EGEO supplementation at 300?l increased the insoluble fraction (b)(P= 0.027). Cumulative IV