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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a unique medicinal herb mostly utilized for substitution of the sugar, producing zero-calorie sweeteners known as steviol glycosides (SGs), including stevioside (ST), rebaudioside A (RA), rebaudioside F (RF), rebaudioside C (RC) and dulcoside (DU). While bio-fertilizers have been demonstrated to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in many plant species, their effects on S. rebaudiana have not been thoroughly studied. This paper presents a study on the effects of bio-fertilizers and their interactions on modifying and improving the SGs content and biomass production in S. rebaudiana at two growth stages, vegetative and flowering. Vermicompost (V) and cow manure (M) (as soil amendments), and garden soi
Zymoseptoria tritici is one of the most economically destructive wheat diseases worldwide and is a model fungal plant pathogen within the ascomycetes. In this study, we functionally characterized the biological role of the ZtRlm1 gene encoding a MADS-box transcription factor (TF) in Z. tritici as these proteins play critical roles in the global gene regulation required for various developmental and physiological processes. Infection assays showed that ZtRlm1 mutants were attenuated in disease development as a 30% and 90% reduction in chloro-necrotic lesions and pycnidia formation, respectively, were observed in plants inoculated with ZtRlm1 mutant strains demonstrating that ZtRlm1 is a crucial factor playing a significant role in the late s
In this study, field experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted consecutively for 2 years. The main objective was to determine (1) effect of seed priming with auxin (IAA), zinc (Zn) or manganese (Mn) on growth and yield parameters of wheat under dry land farming;(2) influence of on-farm priming with Azospirillum under field conditions. In this study, the response of dryland wheat yield to soaking seeds in water, 2 ppm IAA, 0.2% Mn solution and 0.2% aqueous solution of Zn with or without Azospirillum zeae inoculation was investigated under field condition. Total grain yield was significantly enhanced for water primed seeds ie, 1273 kg ha− 1 (6.8%) or seeds primed with IAA, as compared to 1191 kg ha− 1 in plants from non
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺶﻨﺗ يرﻮﺷ ﺮﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و تﺎﻔﺻ ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ نادﺮﮕﺑﺎﺘﻓآ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﻧژ تﺎﻔﺻ رد ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺶﻨﺗ ،يرﻮﺷ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻞﯾرﻮﺘﮐﺎﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ حﺮﻃ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺳ راﺮﮑﺗ رد ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﯽﻧاﺪﻠﮔ رد يﺎﻀﻓ زﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ . ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ درﻮﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ حﻮﻄﺳ ﺨﻣ ﻒﻠﺘ ﺶﻨﺗ يرﻮﺷ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ) و ﺶﻨﺗ ﯽﺷﺎﻧ زا 6 ﯽﺳد ﺲﻨﻤﯾز ﺮﺑ (ﺮﺘﻣ و ﻦﯾﻻ يﺎﻫ ﺶﯾﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺨ?
Agaricus bisporus is the most widely cultivated mushroom. The mushroom crop is subjected to several fungal diseases. Dry bubble disease caused by Lecanicillium fungicola is among notorious diseases of A.?bisporus. This study aimed to assess phenotypic resistance to dry bubble disease among A.?bisporus wild strains, collected from Iran regions. The reliability of resistance evaluations regarding disease incidence and intensity was well documented. The extraordinary tolerance of some wild strains to even high degrees of inoculum concentrations (107 and 108 spore/m2 mushroom growth bed) of the pathogen in compare to commercial cultivars approved potentials of the wild germplasm in breeding programs for resistance. Also, the potential of some M
Basal rot is the main and economically soil-borne disease of onion that caused by various Fusarium species worldwide. To identify the prevailing Fusarium species, 140 Fusarium isolates were obtained from red onion bulbs farms in 10 regions of East and West Azarbaijan provinces in 2015. By inoculating 80 selected isolates, 40 of them were pathogenic on onion. These 40 isolates were identified as F. oxysporum with 43.62%, F. subglutinans with 44%, F. culmorum with 50.66%, F. avenaceum with 51%, F. solani with 42.41%, F. crookwellens with 55%, F. proliferatum with 47.16% and F. redolens with 55.5% virulence. Their frequency were 20%, 2.5%, 7.5%, 5%, 42.5%, 2.5%, 15% and 5%, respectively. Forty studied isolates demonstrating that, 14.2% were hi
Antagonistic fungi are well-known as viable alternatives to chemical control of root-knot nematodes. In this paper, serine protease Ac1 as an important pathogenicity factor was used to enhance the antagonistic activity of Arthrobotrys conoides and A. oligospora against Meloidogyne javanica J2 (second stage juveniles). Ac1 gene was extracted from A. conoides and cloned in pCAMBIA1304 vector. The recombinant plasmid was then transferred to these fungi using two strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404 and AGL1). Transgenic isolates were confirmed by PCR amplification of Hygromycin B resistance gene (hph) as selectable marker, protease assay using casein substrate and in vitro bioassay. Transferring of Ac1 gene by homologous recombination
The genus Agaricus was recently rearranged to accommodate numerous tropical taxa. Accordingly, the genus was split into six subgenera and 22 sections of which 12 are included in A. subg. Pseudochitonia. Preliminary data indicated that three putative new species belong to this subgenus. Our objectives were to describe these species, to determine to which sections they belong, and to experience the interest of some traditional traits in this new context. We morphologically described Agaricus coniferarum from France and Portugal, Agaricus iranicus from Iran, and Agaricus lusitanicus from Portugal. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, and tef1 sequence data of representatives of the 12 sections clearly indicated that A. coniferar
Plants growing unwantedly in an agro-ecosystem are defined as weeds. Weeds modify crop plant growth, development and yield, not only through their competition for light, water, nutrients, but also through the establishment of ecological niches suitable for the growth and development of plant pathogens and pests, and the role they play as the host of hazardous organisms. Furthermore, some weeds produce allelopathic compounds that directly affect the growth and development of agricultural crops and even lead to their death. Such toxic compounds may be found in the leaf, flower, fruit, root, rhizome, and seed of the producing plants. To control weeds, various mechanical, agricultural, biological and chemical approaches are applied. Chemical co
The demand for food and energy of the rising population and unfavorable climatic changes necessitate yield increase in the reducing cultivable areas. This requires a reduction in environmental pollution that not only exerts hazardous effects on plants but also on poultry, livestock and humankind. Integrated pest and disease management is a solution that not only can lead to the increased crop yield and reduced environmental pollution, but also to the ecofriendly growth of economy in less developed countries. Integrated management requires more precise information on the effects of agricultural inputs on the population and biological activity of biological agents used in biological control of plant pests and diseases, biostimulation, as well
Antagonistic fungi are well-known as viable alternatives to chemical control of root-knot nematodes. In this paper, serine protease Ac1 as an important pathogenicity factor was used to enhance the antagonistic activity of Arthrobotrys conoides and A. oligospora against Meloidogyne javanica J 2 (second stage juveniles). Ac1 gene was extracted from A. conoides and cloned in pCAMBIA1304 vector. The recombinant plasmid was then transferred to these fungi using two strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404 and AGL1). Transgenic isolates were confirmed by PCR amplification of Hygromycin B resistance gene (hph) as selectable marker, protease assay using casein substrate and in vitro bioassay. Transferring of Ac1 gene by homologous recombinatio
see more details is essential for the establishment and functioning of trees in forest ecosystems. Despite widespread recognition of important roles of ectomycorrhizal fungi in improving plant nutrition, increasing the resistance of host plants plants Subject Category: Organism Names
Various Fusarium species are pathogenic groups that cause economic loss (quantitatively and qualitatively) in Allium cepa allium cepa Subject Category: Organism Namessee more details L., Fusarium species including F. culmorum and F. subglutinans are of great importance in all onion growing areas. Fusarium infection usually starts from the farm and continue throughout the storage and marketing. Fusarium and basal rots of onion are important around the world. In recent years, they had a large spread in the major onion growing areas in West and East Azarbaijan provinces, and now are the most important disease of onions onions Subject Category: Commodities and Products
The dimorphic fungal pathogen, Zymoseptoria tritici undergoes discrete developmental changes to complete its life cycle on wheat. Molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis during infection process of Z. tritici are poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role of ZtVf1 gene encoding a transcription factor belonging to C2-H2 subfamily. In planta assays revealed that ZtVf1 is required for virulence. Reduced necrotic lesions and low pycnidia density within the lesions resulted in significantly reduced virulence of ZtVf1 mutants. Cytological analysis showed that the impaired virulence of ZtVf1 mutants attributed to reduced penetration and colonization along with hampered pycnidia differentiation. In vitro phenotyping showe