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Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-BR) is a significant factor affecting plant growth and function. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of UV-BR on the oxidative metabolism, glandular trichomes, mesophyll cells, and the production of phytochemicals in leaf tissues of water mint (Mentha aquatica) at two vegetative (early and late) growth stages. With this aim, the plants were exposed to prolonged periods of UV-BR (2 h or 4 h daily) for three weeks at these growth stages. Physiological, biochemical, morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular investigations showed that UV-BR had divergent consequences on water mint. Biomass and photosynthetic pigments were reduced in the UV-BR-exposed plants compared with the unexposed plants
Starch, the most abundant carbohydrate reserve in plant seeds, is synthesized and stored in the cotyledons of some plants. In seeds of Trigonella persica (Fabaceae), starch appears during germination and forms granules that are composed of amylose and/or amylopectin. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative traits of starch were evaluated during the germination of T. persica seed. The quantitative assay and microscopic imaging showed that there was a low-amylose starch in the cotyledons and its amount reached the highest at 48?h after imbibition (HAI). According to the SEM images of hydrogels, FT-IR spectra, and analysis of extracted starches, the purity of this starch was decreased during germination. So that the extracted starch f
The production of crocin, an uncommon and valuable apocarotenoid with strong biological activity, was obtained in a cell suspension culture of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) established from style-derived calli to obtain an in-vitro system for metabolite production. Salycilic acid (SA) was used at different concentrations to elicit metabolite production, and its effect was analyzed after a 4 days of treatment. HPLC-DAD analysis was used for total crocin quantification while the Folin-Cioc?lteu method was applied for phenolic compounds (PC) content. Interestingly, despite cell growth inhibition, a considerable exudation was observed when the highest SA concentration was applied, leading to a 7-fold enhanced production of crocin and a 4-fold inc
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a common environmental factor that affects the growth and productivity of plants. However, many plants have evolved structural, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms to cope with UV radiation. Viola odorata, is exposed to extended daily sunlight and acclimatization mechanisms have been developed in response to natural UV radiations. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in the morphology and abundance of mucilaginous structures besides the physiological and biochemical changes of V. odorata plants under exposure to UV-B radiation (2 h and 4 h daily). After 4 weeks of treatments, the obtained results showed that the V. odorata plants responded to UV-B radiation anatomically and physiologically
Lilium ledebourii is a rare Asian species from Lily family. It is an endemic plant in Iran, which grows in Guilan province in Damash highlands. In this study, the structural features of flower including the study of sections such as carpel, stamen, and tepals were performed. This plant had a full flower that consisted of 6 tepals (3 petals+ 3 petal-like sepals), 6 free stamens and a 3 lobed gynoecium. In the cross-section of tepals, the stomata as well as cells containing anthocyanins were observed. In stamens, anther (epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and an innermost tapetum) and filament were observed. In the gynoecium, ovary (ovary wall, locule, Funiculus, anatropous ovule, different arrangements of vascular bundles, transmitting t
Mentha pulegium is an aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family. Plants of this family estimated to contain 200 genera with over 4,000 species. M. pulegium is an aromatic plant with high industrial and commercial values.In this study, morphological and anatomical analysis of the trichomes on leaves, sepals, and petals of M. pulegium were carried out using light microscopy and scanning microscopy. The essential oils were obtained using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Morphological investigation revealed that these species had three types of non-glandular trichomes and two types of glandular trichomes. Histochemical test demonstrated both of trichomes have a posit
Galactomannan extracted from Trigonella persica endosperm like to other galactomannans is useful in the medicine and pharmaceutical industry such as drug delivery due to its unique physicochemical properties. As soon as germination takes place, the hydrolysis of galactomannan begins and its structure changes. Evaluation of galactomannan content extracted from the germinating seeds (GEGS) and the non-germinated seeds (GENGS) showed that the amount of galactomannan was highest at 24 h after imbibition and was completely consumed approximately 48 h after imbibition. It seems that galactomannan is used for storage reserve synthesis in the cotyledon during germination. Based on the quantitative assessment, FT-IR, macroscopic and microscopic
Hypoxia as an environmental stress affects the physiological, metabolic, and anatomical parameters in plants. This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the changes of these parameters in chickpea roots in response to hypoxia followed by recovery. With this aim, two periods of hypoxia (two and four days) and recovery subsequent (one and three days) were applied on chickpea roots in a hydroponic condition. Hypoxic condition significantly decreased the root dry weight of plants. However, the contents of anthocyanins, flavonoids, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX)) were increased by hypoxia. In addition, anat
Studies have confirmed that on the ground, the plant cells must expend energy to maintain positional homeostasis against gravity. Under microgravity conditions, such energy may be saved for other process such as biosynthesis of beneficial metabolites for growth. This hypothesis was examined on a cell line of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21). The cells were continuously treated with 2-D clinostat for 1 week. Exposure to clinorotation conditions increased biomass and total protein. Total content of soluble sugar also increased which may provide more precursors for Krebs cycle and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. In the case of 2-D clinorotation, the expression and activity of glutamate producing enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenas
Phenolic and flavonoid compounds have received specific attention for their applications in various industries. Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the production of bioactive compounds in plants. Because of the significance of phenolic compounds as a potent antioxidant and their occurrence in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) organs, the present research was directed to assess the impacts of different concentrations of SA (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM) on the phenolic and flavonoid contents in the leaves of saffron. The activity and gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme were additionally estimated. Besides, histochemical investigations were done in order to localize in situ phenolic and flavonoid compound aggregation are
Plants respond to Cadmium (Cd) as a hazardous heavy metal through various mechanisms depending on their available metabolite resources. In this research, the physiological and signaling pathways mediating the responses to Cd stress in Scrophularia striata seedlings were characterized after they were exposed to different Cd concentrations at different time periods. The results showed that the polyamines (PAs), Abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents were significantly enhanced at 48 h. Moreover, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) as regulator enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway was increased, related to the reinforcement of phenolic compounds such as phenylethanoid
This experiment was conducted in order to determine the effects of different concentrations of manganese (Mn) on the levels and correlations of multiple primary and secondary metabolites in Mentha aquatica. With this aim, four levels of Mn concentrations were used as follows: basic Hoagland’s solution (control), 40, 80, and 160?μM of Mn supplied as MnSO4.H2O. The results indicated that the biomass and the contents of photosynthetic pigments and soluble carbohydrates were higher in the plants that were treated with the moderate concentrations of Mn (40 and 80?μM) than the control and 160?μM-treated plants. On the other hand, the contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins, malonaldehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the act
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation as an environmental factor alters the physiological and metabolic processes in plants. Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that is required for plant growth and development. This experiment was conducted in order to determine the effects of Mn supply and UV radiation on the physiological and metabolic responses in Mentha aquatica. With this aim, three levels of Mn and UV treatments were used as follows: basic Hoagland’s nutrient solution without UV radiation (control), Mn supply (100?μM), UV radiation (2?h daily), and UV?+?100?μM Mn. After three weeks of treatments, the root and shoot dry weights and the contents of photosynthetic pigments were decreased under UV radiation condition. However, the contents o
Production and accumulation of essential oils in plants are influenced by intrinsic and environmental factors. Here, we attempted to elucidate the effect of manganese (Mn) supply on the density of glandular trichomes and the production of essential oils in Mentha aquatica (water mint; syn. Mentha hirsuta Huds.) at the different growth stages. To this aim, plants were treated with 100 μM of Mn (supplied as MnSO 4? H 2 O) at early and late vegetative stages of growth. Then, the control and treated plants were harvested, and biochemical, morphological and molecular analyses indicated that Mn supply has affected M. aquatica at the different growth stages. The biomass, Mn accumulation, glandular trichomes density, essential oils yield and expre
Viola odorata, belongs to the family Violaceae, has medicinal properties due to presence of compounds such as carbohydrates and mucilage found in its leaves and flowers. Polysaccharide hydrocolloids, including mucilage compounds, are abundant in nature and commonly found in many higher plants. These polysaccharides constitute a structurally diverse class of biological macromolecules with a broad range of physicochemical properties, are widely used for various applications in pharmacy and medicine. This study was conducted to investigate and trace the mucilage compounds in the various stages of development of the leaves of V.o dorata, due to the economic and systematic values of these proprietary compounds. In this study, the seeds were grow
Medicago sativa is from Fabaceae family that has several flavonoid compound in roots and shoots. Medicarpin is a dominant isoflvonoid that induces nod gene. In this study, PAL (phenyl alanine amonialyase) activity was assayed using spectrophotometer. In this research the concentration of medicarpin by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were studied in different stages of development also anatomical structure of alfalfa were studied in different stages of development by optic microscope. The results indicated that activity of PAL enzyme are altered during the plant development. Changes of medicarpin content were correlated to the activity PAL enzyme. The highest level of the concentration of medicarpin and activity PAL enzyme were