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Acetamiprid (ACE) is one of the widely used neonicotinoid insecticides. In mammals, in spite of the low-affinity nAChRs, neurotoxic effects following the Acetamiprid exposure have recently been reported, which suggests some concerns regarding the impacts on the nervous system of mammals. This study aims to investigate the effect of Acetamiprid on spatial memory and possible vulnerability of hippocampal glutamatergic system following the Acetamiprid exposure. 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses of Acetamiprid were administered to male rats by gavage once per day for 28 days. The spatial memory was examined with the Morris water maze apparatus. The amount of Acetamiprid in the serum and hippocampus was measured. In addition, glutamate level and change
Background & Objective: ?Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) causes neural cell death and has a pivotal role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The prevention of Aβ-induced toxicity is a target for agents intend to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Our previous in vitro study indicated anti-cholinesterase and anti-oxidant activity of Amygdalus scoparia and Cerasus microcarpa methanolic extracts. In the present study, their neuroprotective effects against Aβ-induced toxicity are investigated. ?Materials & Methods: ?The methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of A. scoparia and C. microcarpa were prepared by the maceration method. In the culture, mature cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) were exposed to Aβ alone or in combination with diff
Methods: Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) were cultured according to standard protocols. The cultured neurons were incubated with Aβ alone or in combination with different concentrations of extracts for 24 hours. Cell viability was measured by methylthiazolyldiphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. In addition acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress markers were measured after incubation. Also, the effects of different concentrations of the extracts on AChE activity of the cultured neurons were investigated. For measuring the acute toxicity of the extract, LD50 was estimated by limit test. Results: Both extracts could protect CGNs against Aβ-induced cell death. Aβ-induced oxidative stress and increase of AChE activity were ame
Background & Aims of the Study: Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is a potent antioxidant that is associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases. Also, it is reported that environmental factors can modulate the PON1 activity. In this study, the association between the Organophosphates (OP) exposure and plasma Paraoxonase/Arylesterase (PON1) activity and also OP-induced oxidative stress was investigated among pesticide manufacturing factory workers.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Plasma cholinesterase (PChE) and RBC Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) were measured as a biomarker of OP exposure. Also, the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The PON1acti
In the present study, protective effect of quercetin against chlorpyrifos‐induced oxidative stress in the brain of rat and possible involvement of paraoxanase2 (PON2) pathway was investigated. The experimental groups include control, CPF (10 mg/kg), quercetin (20 mg/kg), and CPF + quercetin. All treatments were orally administered once per day for 1 month. The PON2 gene expression in brain was quantified by real time PCR method and oxidative stress markers in the brain and AChE activity in the brain and serum were measured. AChE activity significantly decreases in the brain and serum of CPF‐treated groups indicating CPF exposure. Quercetin restored the increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and to
Methods:A group of rats received a single shot of scopolamine in different doses (0.5, 1, or 3 mg/kg, IP) 24 hours after the passive avoidance training. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the injection. In the other experiment, rats received similar doses of scopolamine for 7 consecutive days, 24 hours after the training session. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the last injection. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and lipid peroxidation were measured in their hippocampus tissue, too.Results:Scopolamine administered in repeated doses caused more impairment in memory function compared to single dose injection based on the evaluation 30 minutes after injection. M
ObjectiveExtracellular deposition of the beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, which is the main finding in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), leads to oxidative damage and apoptosis in neurons. Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) is a medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family that has neuroprotective activity. In the present study we have investigated the protective effect of the acidic fraction of M. officinalis on Aβ-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). Additionally, we investigated a possible role of the nicotinic receptor.Materials and MethodsThis study was an in vitro experimental study performed on mice cultured CGNs. CGNs were pre-incubated with different concentrations of the
Lead (Pb) is one of the most important heavy metals that possess many applications in different kinds of industrial procedures and consumer products. The adverse effects of Pb on different parts of the immune system have been reported in various studies. Although it has been shown that high concentrations of Pb have low cytotoxicity on human lymphocytes, the effects of non-cytotoxic concentrations of Pb (detected in human blood) on cellular organelles and oxidative stress factors of human lymphocytes have yet to be determined. In this study, human lymphocytes were obtained from the blood of healthy male volunteers through the use of the Ficoll standard method. The intention of this paper was to determine the effects of non-cytotoxic concent
A model was set up to predict the differentiation patterns based on the data extracted from FTIR spectroscopy. For this reason, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were differentiated to primordial germ cells (PGCs). Changes in cellular macromolecules in the time of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96?h of differentiation, as different steps of the differentiation procedure were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy. Also, the expression of pluripotency (Oct-4, Nanog and c-Myc) and specific genes (Mvh, Stella and Fragilis) were investigated by real-time PCR. However, the expression of genes in five steps of differentiation was predicted by FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR spectra showed changes in the template of band intensities at different differentiation steps.
Background and objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a neurodegenerative disorder is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. According to the amyloid hypothesis, accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, which are mostly constituted of Aβ peptide aggregates, triggers pathological cascades that lead to neuronal cell death. Thus, modulation of Aβ toxicity is the hopeful therapeutic approach for controlling the disease progression. Recently, several studies have indicated promising findings from herbal extracts against Aβ cytotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effect of the methanol extract of seven medicinal plants from Iran on Aβ-induced toxicity in primary neuron culture. Method: The methano
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the most commonly used organophosphorus insecticide which causes neurodevelopmental toxicity. So far, animals have been used as ideal models for neurotoxicity studies, but working with animals is very expensive, laborious, and ethically challenging. This has encouraged researchers to seek alternatives. During recent years, several studies have reported successful differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells to neurons. This has provided an excellent model for neurotoxicologic studies. In this study, neural differentiation of mouse adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) was used as an in vitro model for investigation of CPF neurotoxicity. For this purpose, mouse ADSCs were cultured in a medium containing knoc
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of ellagic acid (EA) against gentamicin (GEN)‐induced nephrotoxicity using biochemical, molecular and histopathological approaches. Methods Rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups: control, GEN (100 mg/kg, i.p.), EA (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and GEN plus EA. The regimes were administered for 10 successive days. 24 h after last treatment, kidney and blood samples were collected. Key findings Ellagic acid treatment significantly reduced plasma creatinine and urea levels, which were initially increased due to GEN administration. Also, EA significantly ameliorated oxidative stress markers including lipid peroxidation, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (S
Extracellular deposition of Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is the main finding in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which damages cholinergic neurons through oxidative stress and reduces the cholinergic neurotransmission. Satureja bachtiarica is a medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family which was widely used in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible protective effects of S. bachtiarica methanolic extract on Aβ induced spatial memory impairment in Morris Water Maze (MWM), oxidative stress and cholinergic neuron degeneration. Pre- aggregated Aβ was injected into the hippocampus of each rat bilaterally (10?μg/rat) and MWM task was performed 14?days later to evalua
Chromium (Cr) is a widespread metal ion in the workplace, industrial effluent, and water. The toxicity of chromium (VI) on various organs including the liver, kidneys, and lung were studied, but little is known about neurotoxicity. In this study, neurotoxic effects of Cr (VI) have been investigated by cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Immature and mature neurons were exposed to different concentrations of potassium dichromate for 24 h and cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. In addition, immature neurons were exposed for 5 days as regards cytotoxic effect in development stages. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the protective effect of Rosmarinic acid on mature and immature neurons e
ObjectiveChlorpyrifos (CPF) is a neurotoxic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Its mechanism of action includes oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE). The aim of the present study is to investigate CPF toxicity in mature and immature cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), as well as its effect on glutamate induced excitotoxicity.Materials and MethodsThis study was an in vitro experimental study performed on mice cultured CGNs. Immature and mature neurons were exposed to different concentrations of CPF (1-1000 ?M) and glutamate (10-600 ?M) for 48 hours after which we used the MTT assay to measure cytotoxicity. Immature neurons had exposure to CPF for 5 days in order to evaluate the cytotoxic e
Background: Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a common Maillard reaction product directly formed from dehydration of sugars under acidic conditions during heating and storage in carbohydrate rich foods. The aim of the present study was to detect and quantify the amount of HMF in date syrup by HPLC method. In addition, the amount of HMF in date syrup produced by traditional and industrial methods were compared.Methods: A HPLC method for determination of HMF in date syrup was developed and validated. The amount of HMF in date syrup products produced by the traditional and industrial methods was compared. In addition, to determine whether HMF was produced during storage in date syrup, its amount was measured in fresh and old samples.Results: The
Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. One of the major pathological hallmarks of AD is extracellular deposition of aggregated beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the brain. Aβ causes neural cell death through several mechanisms. New treatments for AD focus on compounds that can modify disease progression and reduce symptoms through several mechanisms. Medicinal plants include several compounds with heterogeneous pharmacological effects that can be effective in the treatment of AD through different mechanisms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of a methanolic extract of seven medicinal plants from Iran on Aβ induced toxicity in a cell culture model.Methods: We cultured PC