Aims Experimental and clinical evidences demonstrate that common dysregulated pathways are involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes. Recently, insulin treatment through intranasal (IN) approach has gained attention in PD, although the underlying mechanism of its potential therapeutic effects is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of insulin treatment in a rat model of PD with emphasis on mitochondrial function indices in striatum. Methods Rats were treated with a daily low dose (4IU/day) of IN insulin, starting 72?h after 6‐OHDA‐induced lesion and continued for 14?days. Motor performance, dopaminergic cell survival, mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity, mitochondrial swelling, mitochondria pe

Methods: Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to 0, 20, 40, and 100 μM of arsenic nanoparticles and its bulk counterpart. Their viability, reactive oxygen species level, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial and lysosomal damage, and apoptosis were evaluated.Results: By all concentrations, lysosomal damage and apoptosis were clearly evident in hepatocytes exposed to arsenic nanoparticles. Evaluation of mitochondria and lysosomes revealed that lysosomes were highly damaged.Conclusion: Exposure to arsenic nanoparticles causes apoptosis and organelle impairment. The nanoparticles have potentially higher toxicity than the bulk arsenic. Lysosomes are highly affected. It seems that, instead of mitochondria, lysosomes are the first target

Objective(s): The purpose of this study was to investigate cytotoxicity and membrane toxicity effects induced by Mesobuthus eupeus venom (MEV) on the HT-29 cell line. Materials and Methods: To determine the in vitro cytotoxicity via MTT assays, HT-29 (as cancer cell line) and Hek-293T (as normal cell) were treated through different concentrations of MEV, and cytotoxicity effects were then measured through assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis induction. The colony formation assay was performed to measure the antiproliferative effect of MEV on HT-29 cells. Nuclei alterations were also observed during apoptosis following DAPI staining. Besides, atomic force microscopy (

Fluoride is abundant in the environment and exists mostly in combination with other elements as fluoride compounds. Several studies showed that exposing to irregular level of fluoride could impair the normal function of mitochondria that have major contribution for producing of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, information about the exact mechanism behind the fluoride-induced mitochondrial damage has not been fully understood. In the present study, isolated rat liver mitochondria were exposed to different concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF) for 30 min and their functionality was assessed at the presence of different concentrations of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and IC50 concentration of NaF. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, glutat

Mitochondrial malfunction plays a crucial role in cancer development and progression. Cancer cells show a substantially higher mitochondrial activity and greater mitochondrial transmembrane potential than normal cells. This concept can be exploited for targeting cytotoxic drugs to the mitochondria of cancer cells using mitochondrial-targeting compounds. In this study, a polyamidoamine dendrimer-based mitochondrial delivery system was prepared for curcumin using triphenylphosphonium ligands to improve the anticancer efficacy of the drug in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro evaluations, various methods, such as viability assay, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and real-time polymerase chain reaction analys

Methods: To measure the amount of alcohol in vinegars, the samples were diluted and filtrated, then injected into a gas chromatography. In order to investigate the effect of time on the amount of alcohol production and conversion, the measurements were carried out at different time intervals.Findings: Some amounts of alcohol were found both in industrial and traditional vinegar. The alcohol percentage was higher in traditional than industrial vinegars.Conclusion: The high alcohol content of traditional vinegars compared to the industrial ones can be related to the difference in the methods of preparation of these two types of vinegars. Moreover, since over time, there is a significant difference in the amount of alcohol in vinegar, in the p

Cancer and diabetes, the two mitochondria‐related diseases, have recently been linked to silent mating‐type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (SIRT3) activity irregularities. In this study, the effect of metformin, an antidiabetic with anticancer properties, has been evaluated on mitochondrial functionality markers, cell death pathways, and SIRT3 enzyme activity in the colon cancer cell line,?HT‐29, and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). HT‐29 cells were treated with metformin (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ?M) for 24, 48, and 72 h for measuring the IC50 concentration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, SIRT3 activity, and expression were evaluated against the colon cancer cell

Objective: Carbonyl stress, resulting from toxic effects of alpha-dicarbonyls such as glyoxal (GO), plays an important role in mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent development of diabetic complications. This study evaluated the ability of metformin (MET), berberine (BBR), and their combination to prevent GO-induced carbonyl stress in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Methods: Mitochondria (0.5 mg protein/mL) were isolated from the Wistar rat liver and incubated with various concentrations of GO (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mM) for 30 minutes and IC50 for GO was calculated. The suspensions of mitochondria were incubated with various concentrations of MET (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mM) or BBR (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μM) for 30 min and then GO in a dose o

Methods: To measure the amount of alcohol in vinegars, the samples were diluted and filtrated, then injected into a gas chromatography. In order to investigate the effect of time on the amount of alcohol production and conversion, the measurements were carried out at different time intervals.Findings: Some amounts of alcohol were found both in industrial and traditional vinegar. The alcohol percentage was higher in traditional than industrial vinegars.Conclusion: The high alcohol content of traditional vinegars compared to the industrial ones can be related to the difference in the methods of preparation of these two types of vinegars. Moreover, since over time, there is a significant difference in the amount of alcohol in vinegar, in the p