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Accidents of liquid pipelines are occurring around the world for various causes and have major consequences. Identification of pipeline accident causes is a primary and basic action for prevention of accidents. Also, survey of consequences can help a management for risk assessment. This study presents a review of liquid pipelines leak, fire and explosion scenarios causes and consequences. The accidents of liquid pipelines were collected from accident databases, papers and other sources. The causes and consequences of the 81 accidents were classified. The most frequent causes of accidents were corrosion with 19%, sabotage with 15% and improper repair and maintenance with 12%. Identification of pipelines accidents causes and consequences can
Investigation of past accidents has shown that LPG tank accidents cause significant damage to the industry due to the storage of large volumes of flammable materials in them. This study aimed for developing a predictive accident model for dynamic risk assessment of propane storage tanks of the refinery. Hazards and safety barriers were identified using MIMAH methodology. The basis of MIMAH methodology is Bow-tie method. To construct the Bow-tie diagram, first, accidents that occurred on LPG tanks were extracted from the databases of accidents and valid sources. The top events of the accidents were identified and analyzed by the fault tree. The Bow-tie diagrams were constructed and the barriers on the diagrams were identified and verified by
Workload has long been considered as one of the important factors for personal functions and malfunctions, particularly in complex systems. Undertaking operations in workstations of such systems usually entails complex tasks and poor cognitive performance of their operators may contribute to human error and critical subsequent consequences. Although many studies have investigated the effects of workload on the cognitive performance, there is a gap for specific jobs and operations such as control room operation. This paper then aims to determine that what dimensions of the workload has more impact on cognitive performance of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) Control room operators. Control room operators from two CCPPs participated (n= 95)
Construction workers are at a high risk of exposure to various types of hazardous substances such as crystalline silica. Though multiple studies indicate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of different silica exposure reduction interventions in the construction sector, the decisions for selecting a specific silica exposure reduction intervention are best informed by an economic evaluation. Economic evaluation of interventions is subjected to uncertainties in practice, mostly due to the lack of precise data on important variables. In this study, we aim to identify the most cost-beneficial silica exposure reduction intervention for the construction sector under uncertain situations. We apply a probabilistic modeling approach that covers
IntroductionA vast amount of research has been conducted to identify human and organizational factors that contribute to the occurrence of occupational incidents. Considering the identified factors, the question is how much the occupational incident probability will decrease in the absence of one or more recognized contributory factors.MethodsTwenty-one fatal accident reports were selected for Root Cause Analysis (RCA). The contributory factors were identified by content analysis of the accident scenarios. A 5-point Likert questionnaire was developed to measure the probability of identified factors. Using the identified contributory factors and their corresponding probabilities, a Bayesian network model was constructed for estimating the pr
Nowadays, petroleum pollution is one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran. Some bacteria were isolated for hexadecane degrading from soil, sediment, and sludge; however, there is no report on its isolation from compost. This study was aimed to isolation, molecular identification of novel bacteria with high capability of hexadecane-degrading from compost using enrichments media. The isolated bacteria were identified by PCR with 16S rDNA method and were studied their ability for removing hexadecane in liquid and solid medium. According to results, the isolated bacteria were identified as O.oryzae and P.lautus. In liquid medium, hexadecane concentration decreased from 3000?1.4 to 366.96?0.9 mg/l (87.77?0.2%) by O.oryzae, whil
Background: Construction workers are at a high risk of exposure to various types of hazardous substances such as crystalline silica. Though multiple studies indicate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of different silica exposure reduction interventions in the construction sector, the decisions for selecting a specific silica exposure reduction intervention are best informed by an economic evaluation. Economic evaluation of interventions is subjected to uncertainties in practice, mostly due to the lack of precise data on important variables. In this study, we aim to identify the most cost-beneficial silica exposure reduction intervention for the construction sector under uncertain situation. Methods: We apply a probabilistic modeling
In this study, barriers elements and initiating events of accidents and their risk influence factors were identified and classified according to a developed conceptual model, relationship between the risk influences factors were determined using a fuzzy DEMATEL model, the risk influence factors weight was determined using a fuzzy AHP model and conditional probability table of the risk influence factors was obtained using R?ed method. The probability of the initiating events and the barrier elements failure was determined using fuzzy logic. The barrier elements and the initiating events were modeled by mapping bow-tie in Bayesian network. The Bayesian networks of risk influence factors were constructed by mapping the fuzzy DEMATEL outputs in
BACKGROUND:Exploring experiences of individuals for barriers they confront relating to safety could help to design safety interventions with an emphasis on the most safety influencing factors.OBJECTIVE:This study strived to present an empirical exploration of individuals’ experiences across the petroleum industry at different levels of the organizational structure for factors that influence occupational accidents.METHOD:Based on accidents history, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who engaged in fatal activities, as well as authorities responsible for managing safety. The qualitative content analysis of 46 interview transcripts was conducted using MAXQDA software.RESULTS:A three-layer model comprising
Background: Shift working with the sleep disturbance may lead to an increased body weight, depression levels and inflammation. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between depression scores, Body Mass Index (BMI) and inflammation markers among rotational shift workers in one of the Iranian Oil Refineries.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 189 shift workers aged 21-52 years old with mean 30.58 (?6.970) in one of the oil refineries in Tehran city. Studied population was in an 8 h backward shift (from night to morning). Demographic characteristics were gathered by a general questionnaire and anthropometric variables including weight and height were measured for calculating body mass index (BM
BackgroundThe Oil and gas industry is one of the riskiest industries for confined space injuries. This study aimed to understand an overall picture of the causal factors of confined space accidents through analyzing accident reports and the use of a qualitative approach.MethodsTwenty-one fatal occupational accidents were analyzed according to the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) approach. Furthermore, thirty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees in different roles to capture their experiences regarding the contributory factors. The content analyses of the interviews transcripts were conducted using MAXQDA software.ResultsBased on accident reports, the largest proportions of causal factors (77%
Objective: We estimate the potential cost–benefit of a caregiver-friendly workplace policies (CFWPs) educational intervention to facilitate uptake of supports for carer-employees (CEs) at a post-secondary institution.Methods: We identified CEs through a voluntary survey and estimated the economic burden of caregiving activities from the CEs’ and employer's perspective. The latter is used as the baseline of comparison for evaluating the cost–benefit of the intervention.Results: The economic cost of caregiving-related activities for the “no intervention” scenario was estimated at $33,841,789 ($32,922 per-case) and $8,916,342 ($8,674 per-case) from the CEs’ and employer's perspectives, respectively. We find the educational interven
In the present study, empirical correlations were applied to predict the time to boilover and its consequences. Next, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was applied for the simulation of boilover consequences based on the resulting incident radiative heat flux. Empirical correlations, and the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) were compared with a crude oil boilover experiment carried out in a 1 m diameter pan (small-scale). FDS predictions were consistent with experimental results. A case study concerning the boilover accident in Milford Haven with a 78 m diameter tank (large-scale) was performed with the CFD model and empirical correlations. A comparison of the simulation results and accident data demonstrated that FDS was able to p
Cigarette smoking is a possible risk factor for hearing loss. However, the impact of simultaneous exposure to noise and smoke on hearing has remained controversial. This study investigated the combined effect of exposure to cigarette smoking and noise on hearing loss. Three groups of male Wistar rats (275 ? 25 g) were subjected to white noise (102 ? 0.5 dB), cigarette smoking (20 cigarettes), and both cigarette smoking and noise for 8 h and 10 days inside the exposure chamber. The control group was exposed to neither noise nor smoke. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were measured before any intervention, and it was repeated 1, 7, and 21 days after the last exposure. One-day postexposure to noise, cigarette smoking, and both
In this study, the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is adopted to simulate tank and dike pool fires in a tank farm. These simulations are performed in order to evaluate the potential for secondary fire events in nearby storage tanks based on the resulting incident radiative heat flux. As a precursor to the tank farm fire scenario case studies, the model is compared with experimental data of 1 m crude oil pool fire and 30 m and 50 m diameter kerosene pool fires. These comparisons are made to validate the modeling approach ahead of the application of the modeling to a problem of practical interest. The results of the FDS are consistent with experimental data. The FDS results indicate that the studied dike pool fire has the potential of tri
Introduction: Occupational injuries can impose a significant cost to the country’s economy. In developing countries, it is usually difficult to get access to occupational injuries data mainly because the lack of appropriate reporting and recording system, and in these countries, making it difficult to accurately estimate the costs of these injuries. The purpose of this study is to estimate the direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries in one of the Iranian refining industries.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all occupational injuries, including outpatient injuries to deaths in 2015. Data was collected based on a bottom-up approach, by using the recorded documents and a researcher-made questionnai
Introduction: Occupational injuries can impose a significant cost to the country’s economy. In developing countries, it is usually difficult to get access to occupational injuries data mainly because the lack of appropriate reporting and recording system, and in these countries, making it difficult to accurately estimate the costs of these injuries. The purpose of this study is to estimate the direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries in one of the Iranian refining industries.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all occupational injuries, including outpatient injuries to deaths in 2015. Data was collected based on a bottom-up approach, by using the recorded documents and a researcher-made questionnai
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the second most prevalent carcinogenic exposure in Canada and is similarly important in other countries with large Caucasian populations. The objective of this article was to estimate the economic burden associated with newly diagnosed non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) attributable to occupational solar radiation exposure. Key cost categories considered were direct costs (healthcare costs, out-of-pocket costs (OOPCs), and informal caregiver costs); indirect costs (productivity/output costs and home production costs); and intangible costs (monetary value of the loss of health-related quality of life (HRQoL)). To generate the burden estimates, we used secondary data from multiple sources applied to computat