Department of Women studies (2015 - Present)
Criminal law and Criminology- Human Rights- Gender Studiies
law, Antwerp and Tilburg Universities, Antwerp/Tilburg, Belgium/Netherlands
Criminal law and criminology
Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Law
Law, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Hajar Azari is a Assistant Professor, Department of women studies, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. She holds a joint PhD degree with AntwerpTilburg Universities. she is currently Post-Doc researcher (unsubsidised) at Antwerp university (Belgium) and research fellow at Tilburg University (Netherlands). She received her BA from Tehran University (Iran) and Master degree from Tarbiat Modares university in Tehran (Iran) in the field of criminal law and criminology.
In the present era which is known as the era of communications and technology revolution, cyberspace is considered as one of the most important tools in shaping the public opinion. The role of this media in preventing crime from happening is of interest to scholars and thinkers. The current study analyzes the role of the media in preventing sexual harassment of girls in cyberspace, because cyber space can, with its media policy, be able to provide appropriate solutions to reduce crime. The research method applied in the course of the study is descriptive and analytical and includes library materials and case files available at Iranian courts as well as the Cyber Police department. It also takes into account interviews conducted with sexual
Introduction: Numerous international documents have indicated equality between men and women in the benefits of social security. In Iranian law, despite the constitutional emphasis and despite all efforts made to achieve equality in this area, we still see inequalities between men and women in the benefits of social security in both clear and hidden forms which necessitates an examination of the principle of equality in the enjoyment of women. Discusses the benefits of social insurance in the Iranian legal system and identifying the reasons that led to these inequalities.Methodology: This research is a qualitative research method and documentary and library study with a comparative and analytical look at international documents and ILO regu
Attention to sexual harassment at workplace is a new phenomenon which has been the focus of researchers since the 1970s. There are many models and theories to explain sexual causes, most of which have socio-cultural, biological and personality roots, as well as organizational and cognitive origins. Recently, a multi-factor model has combined all factors to investigate this phenomenon. In this article, we have conducted in-depth interviews with 31 sexual harassment victims (with age groups ranging from 23 to 47). Applying the Snowball Method, the study found what the members of the focus group described their experiences and it analyzed the sexual harassment based on patterns and theories. In response to causes of sexual harassment, the find
Sexual harassment of women has irreparable effects and consequences. Unfortunately, little research has been conducted on the consequences of sexual harassment in cyberspace, which has similar or often different types of sexual offences occurring in the real world. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the outcome of women's sexual annoyance, the needs of these victims in cyberspace. This is a qualitative research based on a descriptive-analytic method. The data gathering tools include: 1. Documents (criminal court and police cases) and 2. Semi-structured interviews. It also uses snowball sampling which is a statistical population of women and girls who were sexually abused or exploited in cyberspace. In this study, a total of 30
Sexual rights are among the legitimate rights of the husband and wife, and Islamic jurisprudence has devised considerable measures to fulfill their observance, their maximum and desirable enjoyment and the maintenance of the boundaries of the husband and wife. In order to strengthen the foundation of the family, the holy Shariah does not allow the husband or wife to violate any of these duties and guarantees the fulfilment of their rights by legislating criminal and non-criminal rulings and giving moral advice. Among these cases, we can refer to the attention that Shiite jurisprudence has paid to the husband’s violation of marital duties, which, of course, is not reflected in the law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Thus, not only in the
Sexual harassment at workplace is a phenomenon that has many implications for women. Also, organizations and other employees are not immune to the devastating consequences of sexual harassment against women. Victimized women respond to harassment differently, such as silence, tolerance, bullying and aggression, leaving the workplace and even positive responding to sexual demands. In this article, in-depth interviews with victims will address the reactions and effects of harassment. We have also used the same tool to analyze the consequences of sexual harassment in organizations. The main questions of the study were the type of victim response to the harasser, the impact of the harassment on the victim, and the organization or other staff. T
Introduction: The family is an intermediary institution between the individual and society. In the family institution, the result of individual changes is transferred to the society and individuals are also affected by the changes in the society. Therefore, the family is a valuable element for society. If society and governments ignore the changes of family and members and ignore it in the context of the institutional desire for stability, or if the family don’t pay attention to the goals of society and the state, this institution will be a place of conflict and disagreement between governments and individuals. This research seeks to trace the semantic transformation of the family in the documents of the Economic, Social and Cultural Deve
Legal systems in various societies have emphasized state intervention by special laws, ratified to protect the victims of domestic sexual violence. In Iran, lack of criminalization of sexual/domestic violence, especially domestic sexual violence, has caused challenges in recognizing the victimization of this type of violence in the courts. The main question of this research is how the system of criminal justice of Iran reacts to the phenomenon of domestic violence and what supportive mechanisms women, victim of this type of violence, have. To answer this question, a qualitative approach and a case study method including deep interviews with 15victims, 10criminal justice judges and a content analysis of 15 cases in Tehran province has been u
In developed societies, the right to health has gained a broad meaning and different countries have redefined it in various dimensions. Explaining the right to women's health influenced by gender and experiencing multiple changes during their lifetime is of particular importance and requires the creation of a new structure based on accurate knowledge and awareness of the needs and the factors affecting it. In public law, the securement of public health and maintaining the health of citizens are among the fundamental responsibility of states. Government intervention includes a wide range of measures to improve health through the formulation and monitoring of laws and the implementation of macro- policies in this area. This qualitative resear
In recent years, in order to expand the scope of equality between men and women in social security in international law, equalizing the retirement age for men and women and eliminating gender differences (increasing the age of men) in most developed countries has been considered. The domestic legislature is also proposing pensions and pension institutions to change the retirement age as the most important variable in parametric reform in order to overcome the current financial crisis. This explains the need to examine the impact of one's gender on retirement age. In this article, an attempt has been made to express various approaches in this field with an analytical and comparative approach and with regard to international documents and law
According to discourse theory, facts and events are represented through discourse and a set of meanings, ideas, metaphors, so on. In this sense, language creates and changes truth; this means that with language one can have different perceptions of an event, followed by a different set of discourses. Thus, the social world is the product of discourses. According to the theory of social constructivism, which in contrast to essentialism does not separate the structure of reality from the human mind, some social phenomena, such as some offences are made by the human mind and under the influence of different circumstances. They are produced in a specific time, social, political and cultural way and cannot be considered as a sacred and unchangea
For many years, the international community has focused on the globalization of human rights rather than the rights of local people. But given the limited impact of international law at domestic law in countries with different cultural and religious backgrounds, the emphasis nowadays is on the necessity of localization of human rights. The challenge between national and international laws has been controversial, which in fact challenges the implementation of international human rights law at domestic level. However human rights can be localized through redefining and reinterpreting existing global norms in line with the needs of individuals themselves at very local level, and further contribute to develop human rights, at international leve
The challenge between international law and the Iranian legal system has always been a controversial issue, either at domestic or international level. These challenges not only are related to the ideological and theoretical differences, but also the incorporation and implementation of international obligations (from the practical perspective) have always been faced with various difficulties. An analysis of the rules on the incorporation of international law in the Iranian law, along with the status of international law within the Iranian law show that only a limited direct use can be made of international law in Iran. Consequently, this issue has influenced the practical impact of international conventions at domestic level. This is the cas
The topic of recording real estate transactions and the documentation of the rights of all parties is a controversial topic under the Iranian recording system. One of the functions of the recording system is “assuring security” regarding the stability of real estate property transactions, which can affect the rights of third parties as well.“Security” in transactions requires establishing priority for recorded transactions and observing rights concerning unrecorded ones. This means that the developed form of the recording system must move from “static security” to “dynamic security” in order to protect public interests instead of private ones. In reviewing the Iranian legal system, the bases of “Dynamic Security” can ide
Right to privacy is one of the important aspects of human rights which has been emphasized in international documents and the Iranian legal system. Protection of the right to privacy of victims is an important issue under criminal justice system.'One of the major consequences of privacy violation is that victims prefer to avoid cooperation with the criminal justice system because of the increasing concern with the lack of privacy and** 2 confidentiality of their information in criminal justice institutions. The fear of who might access police reports, pre-sentence investigations, victim compensation files, or victim impact statements may prevent victims from
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