Although subsidies have had significant impacts on the electric vehicle (EV) market share, many governments have planned to eliminate subsidies. There is a concern that unsubsidized EVs reduce the EV market share, significantly. However, purchasing an EV instead of a fuel vehicle (FV) might impose a lower total cost of ownership (TCO) on customers, depending on their vehicle usage. In this case, supply chains could optimize their decisions considering which vehicle is affordable for each customer class from the view of TCO. This study investigates optimal pricing and free periodic maintenance service (FPMS) decisions in a two-stage electric-and-fuel automotive supply chain, considering TCO to estimate vehicle market shares under customer cl

Duration of Agricultural operations is a crucial issue in fleet management as it directly affects the operation costs. Agricultural fleet usually traverses paths, covering the whole field to complete the operation. The agricultural operations are not necessarily performed efficiently due to the various variables including field shape, presence of obstacles in the field, number of vehicles, and their specifications. In this study, agricultural operations are modeled as a capacitated arc routing problem (CARP). CARP is a combinatorial optimization problem, which determines the harvest paths in a field and finds the best order of traversing. By dividing the paths into two categories of required and non-required, CARP demonstrates a field as a

Trends like globalization, shorter product life-cycles, and cost reduction strategies in the global business environment have exposed many supply chains to various risks. Disruptions are one of the supply chain risks that can interrupt product flow, delay customer deliveries, and reduce supply chain revenues considerably. Prior planning for disruptions could greatly alleviate these consequences. A method to cope with disruptions is to use product substitution in the case of a product shortage. In this research, the supply chain of a livestock-drug distribution company in Iran, facing demand disruptions, has been chosen as a case study. For this purpose, a multi-stage stochastic integer programming model is proposed and solved using a custom

In this paper we present robust counterparts for uncapacitated hub location problems in which the level of conservatism can be controlled by means of a budget of uncertainty. We study three particular cases for which the parameters are subject to interval uncertainty: demand, transportation cost, and both simultaneously. We present mixed integer programming formulations for each of these cases and a branch-and-cut algorithm to solve the latter. We present computational results to evaluate the performance of the proposed formulations when solved with a general purpose solver and study the structure of the solutions to each of the robust counterparts. We also compare the performance between solutions obtained from a commensurable stochastic m

In the past few decades, due to negative environmental and social impacts of companies, there has been more pressure from the government and non-governmental organizations on companies to observe these issues in their operations, including their supply chain operations. To achieve an environment-friendly supply chain, the role of suppliers as the initial point of the supply chain is very crucial. So in addition to traditional criteria for evaluating and selecting suppliers such as price, delivery, and quality, it is essential to use new criteria, that while encompassing environmental issues, are fit to the characteristics of the industry under study. In this study, taking into account a set of economic and environmental criteria, a multi-ob

Organizations need to better design, manage and improve their supply chains as these become global and more complex. To do this, they need to learn from other organizations and sectors, preempt problems before they occur, and understand the future challenges they may face. Although over 40,000 articles and books have been published on supply chain management since the term was coined in 1982, a clear understanding of the emerging trends, current knowledge gaps and potential areas for future development is only now emerging. Our bibliometric analysis of the existing literature suggests we still need to better understand how to manage security, insourcing, sustainability, competition, risk and disruption, and human behaviour within s

Improving performance of global supply chains requires careful consideration of various factors including distance from markets, access to resources, exchange and tax rates, import tariffs, and trade regulations. In this paper, a comprehensive optimization model is proposed to maximise the after-tax profit of a closed-loop global supply chain for medical devices under uncertainty. The uncertainty of the decision-making environment is modelled using the budget of uncertainty concept in interval robust optimization. International financial issues due to the Economic Cooperation Organisation Trade Agreement as well as national regulations including transfer pricing limitations, exchange rates, tax rates, and import tariffs are considered. The

Post-sales services are important markets in electronics industry due to their impact on marginal profit, market share, and their ability to retain customers. In this study, designing a multi-product four-layer post-sales reverse logistics network operated by a 3PL is investigated. A bi-objective MILP model is proposed to minimize network design costs as well as total weighted tardiness of returning products to customers. To solve the proposed model, a novel multi-start variable neighborhood search is suggested that incorporates nine neighborhood structures and three new encoding–decoding mechanisms. In particular, a fitness landscape measure is employed to select an effective neighborhood order for the proposed VNS. Extensive computation

Hub location problem (HLP) is a relatively new extension of classical facility location problems. Hubs are facilities that work as consolidation, connecting, and switching points for flows between stipulated origins and destinations. While there are few review papers on hub location problems, the most recent one (Alumur and Kara, 2008. Network hub location problems: The state of the art. European Journal of Operational Research, 190, 1–21) considers solely studies on network-type hub location models prior to early 2007. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing the most recent advances in HLP from 2007 up to now. In this paper, a review of all variants of HLPs (i.e., network, continuous, and discrete HLPs) is provided. In particular, mat

Environmental and sustainability awareness in societies has attracted many academics and professionals from various disciplines to revise their thoughts and philosophies such as supply chain management. In particular, implementation of reverse logistics systems and closed-loop supply chain often results in reduced environmental pollution and costs, as well as increased customer satisfaction. In this study, a multi-objective post-sales network design model considering strategic and tactical decisions is proposed to minimize total fixed and variable costs, total tardiness, and environmental pollution. In addition to common network design decisions, various decisions such as technology and capacity level decisions as well as product selection

In this study, a general comprehensive model is proposed for strategic closed-loop supply chain network design under interval data uncertainty. The proposed model considers various assumptions such as multiple periods, multiple products, and multiple supply chain echelons as well as uncertain demand and purchasing cost. In addition, bill of materials for each product is considered via a new approach in management of forward and reverse flows of products for producing new products and reusing or disassembling returned products. Uncertainty of parameters in the proposed model is handled via an interval robust optimisation technique. The model assumptions are well matched with decision making environments of food and high-tech electronics manu

Majority of models in location literature are based on assumptions such as point demand, absence of competitors, as well as monopoly in location, products, and services. However in real-world applications, these assumptions are not well-matched with reality. In this study, a new mixed integer nonlinear programming model based on weighted goal programming approach is proposed to maximize the captured demand while minimizing the fixed costs of locating new facilities. To make the proposed model optimization simple, the proposed model is linearized using proper modeling techniques. Although goal programming method does not ensure obtaining Pareto-optimal solutions, solving a numerical example demonstrates the possibility of obtaining Pareto-op

In this study, a 3PL multi-product post-sales reverse logistics network is considered which consists of collection centers, repair facilities, production plants, and disposal centers. A bi-objective mixed integer linear programming model is presented for minimizing network design costs as well as minimizing total weighted tardiness of returning products to collection centers. Various decisions including location of repair facilities, repair equipment allocation, and material flows are considered. At the end, a numerical example demonstrates the success of ε-constraint method in obtaining a list of Pareto-optimal solutions for the proposed model.